High pathogenic avian influenza A(H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe—Why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict

Virus Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Since 2016, A(H5Nx) high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b has become one the most serious global threats not only to wild and domestic birds, but also public health. In recent years, important changes in ecology, epidemiology, evolution this have been reported, with an unprecedented diffusion variety affected birds mammalian species. After two consecutive devastating epidemic waves Europe 2020-2021 2021-2022, second recognized as largest epidemics recorded so far, begun circulate endemically European bird populations. This study used complete genomes 1,956 HPAI viruses investigate during varying epidemiological outline. We investigated spatiotemporal patterns to/from within 2021-2022 waves, providing evidence ongoing transmission dynamics disease epidemiology. demonstrated genetic diversity circulating viruses, which undergone frequent reassortment events, for first time a overview proposed nomenclature multiple genotypes 2020-2022. described emergence new genotype gull adapted genes, offered opportunity occupy ecological niches, driving endemicity population. The propensity reassortment, its jumps progressively wider number host species, including mammals, rapid acquisition adaptive mutations make trend spread difficult predict unfailing evolving scenario.

Language: Английский

---

Asymptomatic infection with clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in carnivore pets, Italy, April 2023

Eurosurveillance, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 28(35)

Published: Aug. 31, 2023

In April 2023, an outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses carrying the T271A mammalian adaptive mutation in PB2 protein was detected a backyard poultry farm Italy. Five domestic dogs and one cat living on premises had seroconverted absence clinical signs. Virological serological monitoring individuals exposed to virus proved human transmission, however, asymptomatic infections pets may have important public health implications.

Language: Английский

---

The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses

Journal of Virology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 98(11)

Published: Oct. 10, 2024

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAVs) from the H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade are circulating in dairy farms USA.; ruminants were presumed not to be hosts for IAVs. Previously, IAV-positive mammalian species hunters and scavengers, possibly getting infected while feeding on birds. It is now recognized that circulate US cattle transmit through a mammary gland route, contrast transmission by aerosols via respiratory tract. The sialome cow tract so far solely defined using plant lectins. Here, we used recombinant HA proteins representing current classical H5 determine distribution of IAV receptors tissues cows. We complemented our study mapping glycan upper lower tracts horses pigs. Most lined with sialic acid modifications, such as N-glycolyl O-acetyl, which bound IAV. Interestingly, protein isolates significantly gland, whereas failed do so. Furthermore, 9-O-acetyl modification prominent all tested, 5-N-glycolyl not, resulting display avian hemagglutinins. This could explain high levels virus found these milk, adding supporting data this route. IMPORTANCE influenza viruses, usually affect birds, have been USA. Surprisingly, spreading among cows, there possibility they spread air but their milk glands. To understand better, studied how attaches cow’s glands specific viral proteins. cow-associated binds strongly glands, unlike older versions infecting might why suggesting new way spreading.

Language: Английский

---

The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: May 24, 2024

Abstract Influenza A viruses (IAV) from the H5N1 2.3.4.4b clade are circulating in dairy farms United States of America, and goat infections have also been reported. These ruminants were presumed not to be hosts for IAVs. Previously, IAV-positive mammalian species hunters scavengers, possibly getting infected while feeding on birds. It is now that circulate US cattle transmit through a mammary gland route, contrast transmission by aerosols via respiratory tract, although latter cannot excluded. The receptor display tract cows IAVs unknown. Here, we used recombinant HA proteins representing current classical H5 determine distribution IAV receptors tissues goats. Most sialome cow lined with sialic acid modifications such as N-glycolyl O-acetyl, which bound IAV. Interestingly, protein isolates significantly gland, whereas failed do so. Furthermore, 9-O-acetyl modification prominent all tested, 5-N-glycolyl not, resulting avian hemagglutinins. This could explain high levels virus found these milk, adding supporting data this possible route.

Language: Английский

---

The role of mammals in Avian Influenza: a review

EFSA Supporting Publications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(3)

Published: March 1, 2024

Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious viral disease of birds, including domestic poultry, which has been causing outbreaks worldwide, leading to several millions dead wild birds and culled poultry. AI mainly found in but recently, there was increase reported infections mammals, ranging from no symptoms mass mortality events some human cases. Epidemiologically great concern, evidence mammalian adaptations have found, the transmission routes pathogenesis mammals are still be defined. Hence, it paramount address all facets viruses epidemiology, investigating taxa not customarily thought involved and/or trafficking AI, such as mammals. The scope this report assess role virology pathology, i.e. maintenance, reservoir role, immunity, a potential pandemic. To do so, we performed all-encompassing review literature on topic with two-fold approach: systematic published cases narrative approach provide expert opinion spread. final number peer-reviewed papers included 76, resulting 120 unique infection records mammal species. most represented were order Carnivora. risk identified predation (or feeding) upon infected or contact avian Evidence mammal-to-mammal only circumstantial yet confirmed. Cases experimental findings discussed concerning pathology virology. Knowledge gaps pandemic drivers identified. In summary, although greater reported, hard for sustained wild. factors contributing increased carnivores clear yet, unprecedented global spread highly pathogenic (HPAI) creates ample opportunities intense, mostly alimentary, between carnivores. Close surveillance circulating strains continued assessment new epidemiological situations crucial quickly identify enhanced fitness.

Language: Английский

---

The neuropathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in mammalian species including humans

Trends in Neurosciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 46(11), P. 953 - 970

Published: Sept. 6, 2023

Circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in birds regularly causes infections mammals, including humans. In many mammalian species, are associated with severe neurological disease, a unique feature HPAI compared other A viruses. Here, we provide an overview neuropathogenesis virus infection centered on three aspects: neuroinvasion, neurotropism, and neurovirulence. We focus vitro studies, as well studies naturally or experimentally infected mammals. Additionally, discuss contribution viral factors to efficacy intervention strategies prevent neuroinvasion development disease.

Language: Английский

---

Prevalence of Astroviruses in Different Animal Species in Poland

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 80 - 80

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

Astroviruses (AstVs) are small RNA viruses characterized by a high mutation rate, the ability to recombine, and interspecies transmission, which allows them infect multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, farmed animals as well wildlife. AstVs stable in environment, their transmission is usually through fecal-oral route or via contaminated water food. Although direct zoonotic was not confirmed, events have occurred been indicated occur past between wild domestic humans. They cause large economic losses, mainly poultry sector, due gastroenteritis mortality. In young children, they second most common diarrhea. This study involved 166 intestine samples pools spleen, lymph node, kidney collected from 352 52 pigs, 31 animals. were detected separately tissue prepared for individual using heminested RT-PCR protocol. Amplicons subjected Sanger sequencing, phylogenetic analysis 320 nt RNA-dependent polymerase (RdRp) fragments referring known sequences astroviruses performed. Astroviral and/or red foxes (nine positive intestines six pools), rats (two three cat (one AstV an sample), pigs (eight boars spleens, kidneys, nodes). No astroviral mustelids, dogs, other rodents. A revealed that during this mostly host-specific, such porcine, canine, rat highly homologous reference strains. one two boars, distinct porcine species found with highest identity

Language: Английский

---

New Patterns for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and Adjustment of Prevention, Control and Surveillance Strategies: The Example of France

Viruses, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 101 - 101

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

From 2020 up to summer 2023, there was a substantial change in the situation concerning high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus Europe. This concerned mainly circulation within wildlife, both wild birds and mammals. It involved seasonality of HPAI detections, species affected, excess mortality events, apparent increased level contamination birds. The knock-on effect new impacts challenges for poultry sector, which is affected by repeated annual waves arriving with migratory risks due viral resident across year. Indeed, exceeding expectations, sectors production areas have been during recent seasons France. strains also generate considerable concern about human health because enhanced barrier crossing. In this article, we present these changes detail, along required adjustment prevention, control, surveillance strategies, focusing specifically on

Language: Английский

---

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in wild rats in Egypt during 2023

Emerging Microbes & Infections, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1)

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

We detected highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in wild rats collected from a rural area Giza, Egypt, near poultry farms, markets, and backyard flocks. Sequence phylogenetic analyses indicated that the belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, which has been predominant genotype circulating Egypt worldwide since 2021-2022. Active surveillance of viruses domestic mammals is recommended prevent further spread humans.

Language: Английский

---

No indication of highly pathogenic avian influenza infections in Dutch cows

JDS Communications, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

---