Ecology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
12(9)
Published: Sept. 1, 2022
Abstract
Animals
exhibit
variation
in
their
space
and
time
use
across
an
urban–rural
gradient.
As
the
top‐down
influences
of
apex
predators
wane
due
to
human‐driven
declines,
landscape‐level
anthropogenic
pressures
are
rising.
Human
impacts
can
be
analogous
that
humans
drive
increased
mortality
both
prey
species
carnivores,
impact
communities
through
indirect
fear
effects
food
subsidies.
Here,
we
evaluate
a
common
mesocarnivore
gradient
test
whether
it
is
influenced
by
intensity
larger
carnivore.
Using
multiple
camera‐trap
surveys,
compared
temporal
response
small
carnivore,
raccoon
(
Procyon
lotor
),
coyote
Canis
latrans
)
four
study
areas
Michigan
represented
pressure
from
humans.
We
found
varied
area
was
most
unique
at
rural
extreme.
Raccoons
consistently
did
not
shift
activity
pattern
coyotes
with
highest
despite
considerable
interannual
variation,
instead
showed
stronger
responses
more
areas.
Temporal
shifts
were
characterized
raccoons
being
diurnal
high
activity.
conclude
may
presence
coyotes,
dependent
on
level
pressure.
Our
results
highlight
entirety
needed
considered,
as
dominate
obscure
dynamics
this
interaction.
Ecological Applications,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
31(2)
Published: Nov. 3, 2020
Abstract
Understanding
how
biodiversity
responds
to
urbanization
is
challenging,
due
in
part
the
single‐city
focus
of
most
urban
ecological
research.
Here,
we
delineate
continent‐scale
patterns
species
assemblages
by
leveraging
data
from
a
multi‐city
camera
trap
survey
and
quantify
differences
greenspace
availability
average
housing
density
among
10
North
American
cities
relate
distribution
eight
widespread
mammals.
To
do
so,
deployed
traps
at
569
sites
across
these
ten
between
18
June
14
August.
Most
came
2017,
though
some
contributed
2016
or
2018
if
it
was
available.
We
found
that
magnitude
direction
species'
responses
within
city
were
associated
with
landscape‐scale
cities.
For
example,
eastern
gray
squirrel
(
Sciurus
carolinensis
),
fox
niger
red
Vulpes
vulpes
)
changed
negative
positive
once
proportion
green
space
>~20%.
Likewise,
raccoon
Procyon
lotor
Virginia
opossum
Didelphis
virginiana
exceeded
about
700
units/km
2
.
also
local
richness
consistently
declined
only
more
densely
developed
(>~700
).
Given
our
results,
may
therefore
be
possible
design
better
support
reduce
influence
on
wildlife
by,
for
increasing
amount
city.
Additionally,
important
populated
find
innovative
solutions
bolster
resilience
because
they
likely
observe
diversity
losses
common
species.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
8
Published: Nov. 16, 2020
As
cities
expand
to
accommodate
a
growing
human
population,
their
impacts
natural
ecosystems
and
the
wildlife
residing
within
them
increase.
Some
animals
that
persist
in
urban
environments
demonstrate
behaviors
distinct
from
rural
counterparts.
These
potential
behavioral
changes
are
subject
of
body
research
areas
ecology,
biology,
conservation.
In
spite
increasing
research,
studies
focused
specifically
on
changing
behavior
mammals
is
limited.
We
conducted
systematic
literature
review
synthesize
current
wild
mammals.
found
83
papers
published
between
1987
March
2020.
Omnivores
were
leading
study,
closely
followed
by
carnivores
specific
most
widely
studied
home
range
vigilance.
Among
reviewed
studies,
there
166
observations
44
with
155
occurrences
change
relative
conspecifics
less
areas.
The
commonly
observed
type
was
alert
behavior.
Results
indicate
drive
adaptive
responses
including
diet
preference,
shifts
activity
budget
vigilance,
decreased
flight
initiation
distance,
increased
nocturnal
activity.
mammal
species
even
demonstrated
ability
modulate
based
environmental
cues.
Our
results
highlight
need
for
long-term
across
variety
settings
promote
successful
management
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
12
Published: March 14, 2024
The
significance
of
urban
landscapes
in
safeguarding
biodiversity
is
often
disregarded,
even
though
a
considerable
amount
conservation
focus
directed
toward
hotspots
where
land
conversion
happening
at
the
fastest
pace.
Maintaining
areas
not
only
benefits
environment,
but
along
with
social,
economic,
and
technological
factors
can
increase
stability
systems
to
disturbance,
concept
known
as
“urban
resilience”.
In
this
synthesis
paper,
we
explore
ecological
dimension
resilience
specifically
on
avian
because
birds
are
easy
observe,
relatively
abundant,
serve
an
indicator
overall
health
environments.
We
first
examine
discuss
role
environmental
stressors
associated
urbanization
ongoing
crisis.
then
provide
overview
characteristics
environment
that
may
promote
birds,
associations
between
social
economic
resilience.
Finally,
recommendations
future
research
regarding
strategies
improve
thus,
whole,
intersections
ecology,
ecosystem
justice,
planning.
Since
68%
world’s
population
projected
live
by
2050,
it
imperative
scientists,
planners,
civil
engineers,
architects,
others
consider
both
cities
natural
anthropogenic
stressors.
Behavioral Ecology,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
30(3), P. 821 - 829
Published: Jan. 29, 2019
Wildlife
can
respond
to
urbanization
positively
(synanthropic)
or
negatively
(misanthropic),
and
for
some
species,
this
is
a
nonlinear
process,
whereby
low
levels
of
elicit
positive
response,
but
response
becomes
negative
at
high
urbanization.
We
applied
concepts
from
foraging
theory
predict
behavioral
responses
coyotes
(Canis
latrans)
along
an
gradient
in
the
Chicago
metropolitan
area,
USA.
estimated
home
range
size
complexity,
metrics
3
movement
behaviors
(encamped,
foraging,
traveling)
using
Hidden
Markov
models.
found
exhibited
highly
urbanized
landscapes:
viewed
landscape
as
lower
quality,
riskier,
more
fragmented
(home
time
spent
encamped
increased).
Conversely,
we
evidence
both
suburban
not
only
higher
quality
than
natural
fragments
equally
risky,
also
it
decreased,
did
change,
complexity
Although
spatial
became
increasingly
increased,
were
still
able
occupy
landscapes.
Our
study
demonstrates
how
wildlife
be
dependent
on
degree
represents
one
first
descriptions
apex
predator
space
use
landscape.
Landscape Ecology,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
37(12), P. 2977 - 2990
Published: Sept. 28, 2022
Abstract
Context
Conservation
scientists
recommend
maintaining
and
restoring
ecological
connectivity
to
sustain
biodiversity
in
the
face
of
land-use
climate
change.
Alternative
assessments
conducted
at
multiple
spatial
scales
are
needed
understand
consequences
varying
assumptions
for
use
multi-scale
conservation
planning.
Objectives
We
compared
mapped
output
from
different
model
scenarios
identify
areas
important
across
North
America.
asked
how
vary
with
scale
regarding
way
which
human
modification
affects
landscape
resistance.
Methods
a
factorial
experiment
using
omnidirectional
analyses
America
where
we
crossed
“treatments”
represented
by
four
moving
window
sizes
three
resistance
surfaces.
The
surfaces
represent
gradient
species’
sensitivity
modification.
Results
Maps
importance
varied
among
scenarios.
effects
size
were
more
conspicuous
than
Outputs
small
windows
revealed
mottled
patterns
importance,
while
outputs
larger
broad
swaths
mountainous
boreal
Patterns
tended
be
channelized
produced
human-sensitive
species
diffuse
human-tolerant
species.
Conclusions
Our
alternative
hypotheses
predictions
about
may
move
response
degrees
can
species-specific
models
investigate
our
best
matches
observed
movements
organisms.
also
used
as
coarse-filter
plans.
Notably,
highlight
isolated
fragments
relatively
natural
land
simultaneously
identifying
regions
Oecologia,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
194(1-2), P. 87 - 100
Published: Sept. 16, 2020
The
dynamic
environmental
conditions
in
highly
seasonal
systems
likely
have
a
strong
influence
on
how
species
use
the
landscape.
Animals
must
balance
and
daily
changes
to
landscape
risk
with
underlying
resources
provided
by
that
One
way
costs
benefits
of
is
through
behaviorally-explicit
resource
selection
temporal
partitioning.
Here,
we
test
whether
coyotes
(Canis
latrans)
Cape
Breton
Highlands
National
Park,
Nova
Scotia,
Canada
responsive
variation
presumed
moving
We
used
GPS
data
local
convex
hulls
estimate
space
Hidden
Markov
Models
three
types
movement
behavior:
encamped,
foraging,
traveling.
then
integrated
step-selection
analysis
investigate
behaviorally
explicit
across
times
day
(diurnal,
crepuscular,
nocturnal)
season
(snow-free
snow).
found
throughout
seasonally
shifted
foraging
behavior
altered
choices
avoid
what
could
be
challenging
These
suggest
complex
response
land
cover,
terrain,
linear
corridors
are
not
only
scale
dependent
but
also
vary
behavior,
diel
period,
season.
By
examining
axes
(behavior,
time
day,
season),
more
nuanced
understanding
predator
balances
cost
stochastic
environment.
Journal of Animal Ecology,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
89(8), P. 1952 - 1960
Published: May 23, 2020
Abstract
Generalist
species,
by
definition,
exhibit
variation
in
niche
attributes
that
promote
survival
changing
environments.
Increasingly,
phenotypes
previously
associated
with
a
particularly
those
wide
or
expanding
ranges,
are
dissolving
and
compelling
greater
emphasis
on
population‐level
characteristics.
In
the
present
study,
we
assessed
spatial
diet
characteristics,
gut
microbiome
associations
between
these
two
ecological
traits
across
populations
of
coyotes
Canis
latrans
.
We
highlight
influence
carnivore
community
shaping
relationships,
as
coyote
varied
from
being
an
apex
predator
to
subordinate,
mesopredator
sampled
populations.
implemented
scat
survey
three
distinct
Michigan,
USA.
used
carbon
(δ
13
C)
nitrogen
15
N)
isotopic
values
reflect
consumption
patterns
trophic
level,
respectively.
Corresponding
samples
were
also
paired
16S
rRNA
sequencing
describe
microbial
correlate
values.
Although
comparable,
found
level
among
Specifically,
δ
N
was
highest
where
lowest
co‐occurred
grey
wolves
lupus
The
exhibited
marked
operational
taxonomic
units
diversity
occurred
at
their
level.
Bacteriodes
Fusobacterium
dominated
positively
correlated
all
no
correlation
C
attributes.
However,
positive
specific
genera
increased
ascended
levels.
Coyotes
provide
model
for
exploring
implications
plasticity
because
they
highly
adaptable,
wide‐ranging
omnivore.
As
continue
vary
position
expand
geographic
range,
might
expect
divergence
within
community,
changes
physiology
alterations
behaviour.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
292(2038)
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
Understanding
how
wildlife
responds
to
the
spread
of
human-dominated
habitats
is
a
major
challenge
in
ecology.
It
still
poorly
understood
urban
areas
affect
space-use
patterns
and
consistent
intra-specific
behavioural
differences
(i.e.
types;
BTs),
which
turn
shape
various
ecological
processes.
To
address
these
questions,
we
investigated
movements
common
resident
wader,
spur-winged
lapwing
(
Vanellus
spinosus
),
hypothesizing
that
individuals
will
be
more
mobile
than
rural
ones.
We
used
an
ATLAS
tracking
system
track
many
n
=
135)
at
high
resolution
over
several
months
each.
first
established
daily
movement
indices
show
among
individuals,
acting
as
spatial-BTs.
Then
focusing
on
two
main
principle
components
lapwings’
movements—mobility
position
along
exploration–exploitation
gradient—we
BTs
are
shaped
by
urbanization,
season
(nesting
versus
non-nesting)
sex.
found
lapwings
were
indeed
both
seasons.
Furthermore,
females
less
explorative
females,
especially
during
nesting
season.
These
results
highlight
urbanization
affects
behaviour,
even
apparently
urban-resilient
avian
residents.
This
underscores
need
consider
possible
consequences
only
apparent
through
advanced
methods.
The Science of The Total Environment,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
901, P. 165965 - 165965
Published: Aug. 3, 2023
Wildlife
living
in
proximity
to
people
are
exposed
both
natural
and
anthropogenic
factors
that
may
influence
cortisol
production
associated
with
stress
response.
While
some
species,
including
coyotes
(Canis
latrans),
have
become
commonplace
developed
areas
throughout
North
America,
urban
individuals
still
must
navigate
ever-changing,
novel
environments
cope
frequent
disturbance.
Given
relatively
large
predators
compared
most
other
wildlife,
they
face
unique
pressures
such
as
crossing
roadways
use
suitable
habitat
fragments
at
a
greater
risk
of
being
detected
experiencing
negative
human
interactions.
To
assess
whether
urbanization
influences
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
axis
activity
free-ranging
coyotes,
we
analyzed
concentration
hair
samples
from
97
residing
across
the
gradient
within
Greater
Chicago
Metropolitan
area.
As
proportion
landcover
coyote
home
ranges
increased,
experienced
more
stress.
Body
condition
social
status
also
had
strong
relationships
Animals
poorer
body
subordinate
less
than
alphas.
We
found
evidence
varied
seasonally
among
different
age
classes.
Understanding
how
intrinsic
extrinsic
endocrine
carnivores
is
vital
for
predicting
hormone
related
behavioral
patterns
change
future
populations
developed.