A
large
number
of
living
things,
including
algae,
lichens
and
plants,
live
on
the
outside
trees.
They
are
classed
as
epiphytes
because
they
take
nothing
from
tree
just
using
a
handy
place
which
to
grow;
such,
different
parasites
things
tree.
Until
recently,
pest
disease
management
has
played
minor
part
for
professionals
involved
in
urban
management.
Deadwood,
whether
whole
branches
or
decaying
wood
inside
trees,
is
an
important
habitat
flora
fauna,
with
thousands
associated
species
all
sorts
microhabitats
within
deadwood.
The
natural
fracture
pruning
techniques,
leaving
something
more
jagged,
create
range
deadwood
organisms.
Coronet
cutting
been
used
mimic
branch
breakage.
This
technique
back
branches,
express
aim
creating
crown.
New Phytologist,
Journal Year:
2015,
Volume and Issue:
209(1), P. 63 - 79
Published: Aug. 13, 2015
Summary
We
review
the
literature
on
host
resistance
of
ash
to
emerald
borer
(EAB,
Agrilus
planipennis
),
an
invasive
species
that
causes
widespread
mortality
ash.
Manchurian
(
Fraxinus
mandshurica
which
coevolved
with
EAB,
is
more
resistant
than
evolutionarily
naïve
North
American
and
European
congeners.
was
less
preferred
for
adult
feeding
oviposition
susceptible
hosts,
larval
feeding,
had
higher
constitutive
concentrations
bark
lignans,
coumarins,
proline,
tyramine
defensive
proteins,
characterized
by
faster
oxidation
phenolics.
Consistent
EAB
being
a
secondary
colonizer
drought
stress
decreased
ash,
but
no
effect
phenolics,
suggesting
they
do
not
contribute
increased
susceptibility
in
response
stress.
The
induced
exogenous
application
methyl
jasmonate
associated
verbascoside,
lignin
and/or
trypsin
inhibitors,
survival
growth
bioassays.
This
finding
suggests
these
inherently
possess
latent
defenses
are
naturally
colonization,
perhaps
because
fail
recognize
cues
or
respond
quickly
enough.
Finally,
we
propose
future
research
directions
would
address
some
critical
knowledge
gaps.
Contents
63
I.
Introduction
64
II.
Emerald
life
cycle
range
III.
Mechanisms
65
IV.
Nutritional
quality
primary
metabolites
71
V.
Conclusions
72
Acknowledgements
75
References
Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research,
Journal Year:
2014,
Volume and Issue:
88(1), P. 53 - 63
Published: Nov. 5, 2014
Agrilus
biguttatus
Fab.
(Coleoptera:
Buprestidae)
is
a
European
bark-boring
beetle
whose
larvae
feed
in
the
vascular
tissue
of
oak
trees.
Until
recently,
it
was
considered
rare
Britain,
but
sightings
have
become
more
frequent
and
often
found
on
weakened
trees
suffering
from
Acute
Oak
Decline
(AOD).
This
rapidly
acting
syndrome
characterized
by
patches
dark
sticky
fluid
exuding
cracks
trunk,
with
areas
necrotic
beneath,
probably
caused
pathogenic
bacterial
component.
However,
association
AOD
larval
galleries
distinctive
adult
exit
holes
A.
has
raised
concerns
that
may
be
contributing
to
or
hastening
mortality
affected
review
evaluates
potential
role
complex.
Information
beetle's
life
cycle
ecology
assessed
along
apparent
increase
its
abundance
distribution
UK,
likely
mechanisms
host
selection.
tree
defences
against
are
discussed,
as
well
risk
factors
influencing
susceptibility.
Research
related
species
reviewed
so
insights
into
relationship
between
beetle,
bacteria
can
made
through
comparisons
extensively
studied
species.
Possible
management
options
an
context
considered,
priority
for
future
research
identified.
Journal of Applied Entomology,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
141(7), P. 507 - 526
Published: Oct. 25, 2016
Abstract
In
this
publication,
we
review
the
biology,
ecology,
invasion
history,
impacts
and
management
options
of
Emerald
ash
borer
(EAB)
Agrilus
plannipennis
,
with
a
particular
focus
on
its
in
Europe.
planipennis
(
EAB
)
is
wood‐boring
beetle
native
to
East
Asia.
Having
caused
massive
damages
species
North
America
last
decades,
it
was
first
recorded
Europe
2003
Russia
(Moscow).
All
Fraxinus
are
known
be
susceptible
attacks,
which
cause
high
tree
mortality
even
among
formerly
healthy
trees.
Recorded
expansion
rates
between
2.5
80
km/year
13
41
European
Russia.
Given
current
rates,
expected
reach
Central
within
15–20
years.
A
combination
mechanical,
biological
chemical
control
phytosanitary
measures
may
reduce
impact,
nevertheless
most
likely
will
substantial.
There
an
urgent
need
identify
enemies
Europe,
test
suitable
biocontrol
agents
develop
early
detection
measures.
Although
obvious
that
become
major
pest
dedicated
response
able
level
mortality,
thus
improve
opportunity
for
long‐term
survival
as
important
component
forests.
Plants People Planet,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
2(1), P. 29 - 40
Published: July 17, 2019
Societal
Impact
Statement
The
current
ash
dieback
epidemic
in
Europe
caused
by
Hymenoscyphus
fraxineus
poses
a
key
question
to
policy
makers:
whether
or
not
commit
time
and
resources
the
initiation
of
breeding
programme
for
development
more
resistant
ash,
as
long‐term
adaptation
epidemic.
Here
we
review
evidence
on
potential
viability
such
programme,
from
biological
perspective.
We
conclude
that
aimed
at
resistance
strains
H
.
British
Isles
is
biologically
feasible.
Summary
To
evaluate
feasibility
future
produce
trees
an
emerging
pest
pathogen,
it
helpful
ask
following
questions:
How
much
variation
exists
tree
populations?
what
extent
this
heritable?
many
genetic
loci
are
involved?
What
level
found
other
species
same
genus?
Here,
survey
knowledge
these
issues
relation
degree
European
(
Fraxinus
excelsior
)
,
fungus
causing
(ADB).
Several
studies
have
low
frequency
heritable
F.
populations,
which
seems
be
determined
loci.
This
suggests
viable
natural
selection
may
also
increase
mean
populations
over
time.
More
research
needed
basis
ADB
understand
how
quickly
can
operate
woodlands
acceleration
possible
programmes,
including
via
use
markers.
Hybrid
programmes
possibility,
some
appear
than
but
issue.
do
yet
know
if
will
breed
both
threat
emerald
borer.
recommend
short‐term
mitigation
measures
directions.
