Evolution and regulation of animal sex chromosomes

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 18, 2024

Language: Английский

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Condensin DC loads and spreads from recruitment sites to create loop-anchored TADs in C. elegans

eLife, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Nov. 4, 2022

Condensins are molecular motors that compact DNA via linear translocation. In

Language: Английский

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The X chromosome in C. elegans sex determination and dosage compensation

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 74, P. 101912 - 101912

Published: April 28, 2022

Language: Английский

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Why and how do Y chromosome stop recombining?

Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(3), P. 632 - 636

Published: Jan. 22, 2023

Sex chromosomes either carry a factor like the male-determining factors of mammals (Berta et al., 1990) or plant Silene latifolia (Westergaard, 1958), function in balanced sex-determining systems, as Drosophila (Bridges, 1925) and Caenorhabditis elegans (Meyer, 2022). The sex chromosome pairs these several other species include physically extensive fully Y-linked, male-specific, regions ('MSY') that have undergone 'genetic degeneration' lost most genes are carried on X (X-linked then hemizygous males). Similar losses recombination, similar degeneration, occurred evolution with female heterogamety, including birds Lepidoptera, respectively, reviewed by Wang al. (2014) Fraisse (2017). lack recombination is probably not direct consequence carrying genes, having an essential role determination, since unrelated fish small located within recombining (Koyama 2019; Kuhl 2021; Nacif 2022; Reichwald 2015), completely sex-linked some plants smaller than 1 Mb (Akagi 2014; Harkess 2020). These situations can be explained ways, for example they could reflect recent separate sexes, appearance genome region so-called turnover event (Vicoso, 2019). Species whose pair has changes which formerly stopped previously established therefore important, because tell us became suppressed after their locus evolved. first case to discovered was Eutherian mammals. earliest enlargement MSY involved fusion Y chromosome, autosome Marsupials (Waters 2001). This around 115 million years ago (Cortez 2014). Further enlargements caused subsequent suppression events produced 'evolutionary strata' wide differences sequence divergence between Y-X different (Figure 1). Based genetic map estimated females (which represents ancestral order added chromosome), recently near still recombines, pseudo-autosomal region, 'PAR' (Lahn & Page, 1999; Skaletsky 2003). In two evolved strata humans, median synonymous site values 14% 26%, almost high rest (Sayres Makova, 2013). Very varied divergence, perhaps reflecting strata, also seen latifolia, carnation family (Bergero 2007; Papadopulos 2015). threespine stickleback, without fusions any autosomes, shows clear Figure 1b (Peichel 2020), been inferred ZW Neognathous (Wang A may always such (Charlesworth, However, cases when (shrinking PAR changing its boundary region) demand explanation. Several hypotheses proposed. One idea sexually antagonistic polymorphisms become (e.g. male-benefit allele would reduce fitness more likely spread if closely linked one same effects autosomal). Should mutation establish polymorphism, this generates selection closer linkage (Rice, 1987). difficult test because, non-recombining stratum evolved, will present only Y-linked making analysis impossible. Although mutations might detectable from expression sexes at (perhaps higher males), degeneration expected eventually old evolutionary strata. Another approach population genomic evidence show associations alleles (Dagilis Qiu signal found partially it does whether future lead recombination. search alternatives explain ask ruled out. As described below, new ideas Testing predictions 2 below) requires studies newly evolving genomes, becoming possible, using combination sequencing mapping. study S. dioica (closely related hybridize nature homologous XY chromosomes), published Journal Evolutionary Biology (Filatov, 2022), examines stratum. Y- X-linked nevertheless ascertained identifying male-specific variants gene sequences, samples males natural populations. allowed analyses mentioned above showed parts establishment factor. Clear step those seen, numbers unknown, species' genomes large human yet assembled. mapping suggest extremely rate PAR, thus differ mammalian PARs, crossover concentrated very (Rouyer 1986). Some but dioica, suggesting (and dioica; Campos 2016). end studied them detail. 22 were both (they had populations), 20 classified species, 15 appear forming young (much younger youngest ones humans above) suitable testing about suppression. (MSY) gradually expand hinders pairing sequences meiosis (Jeffries 2021). MSY-X should increase distance into 2). slight trend stratum, outgroup vulgaris increases so responsible (HKA tests, correct effect, detected elevated diversity suggests regions). Interestingly, sharply latifolia-specific shared change possibly discontinuous 1b. time makes seem unlikely loss expansion across includes least (probably 500 kb, density 34 genes/Mb). stickleback slightly (Ks), 3% 4%, Again Ks older predicted. true papaya, 2012), consistent chromosomal inversion models propose expansions involving chance inversions prevent set MSY. advantage outweigh fertility disadvantages heterozygotes, production gametes duplications deficiencies crossovers occur paired inversions. version (Jay Olito 2022) proposes prevents deleterious homozygous males. effect strongest highly recessive effects. Accumulation arises fixing population, must rapidly replace (initially arrangement). process works best populations, account observations time-course formation. involved, data distinguish previous one—both predict current boundary. Only few examples coinciding boundaries far discovered. inversions, others done (Lemaitre 2009). cases, (10 IV seven V), formation require genes. (involving 16 genes) papaya 2012). Clearly, detailed helpful. rearrangements, accumulate stops (Charlesworth 1994), third model decrease expression, dosage compensation simultaneously alleles' even before major deterioration coding reverting standard arrangement (Lenormand Roze, Female-biased indeed observed assumed decreased alleles, while increased enough restore predicts bias quickly sex-linkage evolves. Because evolves part process, strongly female-biased many older) sexes. appears opposite way increasing reach level (in double males, significant difference which, expected, little bias). (reviewed Bachtrog, 2008). Genes compensated seems incomplete It interesting already begun studied, well ones, percent. Under polymorphism hypothesis outlined above, expect gene(s) often pattern predicted just described), Overall, model, do fit observations. Filatov's larger supports (using HKA differences), variants. Whether conclusions confirmed once assembly becomes available, valuable how integrated increasingly accessible kinds allow empirical tests this, potentially For instance, compared somatic tissues, over-represented among biased 155 47 one, did relationship genes' positions (Kitano peer review history article available https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/jeb.14137. commentary there no data.

Language: Английский

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Sex Chromosome Dosage Compensation in Insects

Insects, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(2), P. 160 - 160

Published: Feb. 4, 2025

Dosage compensation (DC) is of crucial importance in balancing the sex-linked gene expression between males and females. It serves to guarantee that proteins or other enzymatic products encoded by sex chromosome exhibit quantitative parity two genders. During evolutionary process achieving dose compensation, insects have developed a wide variety mechanisms. There exist primary modes dosage mechanisms, including up-regulation heterogametic chromosomes heterogamety down-regulation homogametic homogamety. Although extensive investigations been conducted on model insects, many questions still remain unresolved. Meanwhile, research non-model attracting increasing attention. This paper systematically summarizes current advances field insect with respect its types The principal involved this study include Drosophila melanogaster, Tribolium castaneum, Bombyx mori, lepidopteran insects. analyzes controversial issues about also provides prospects for future research.

Language: Английский

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Sex chromosome evolution in haploid plants: Microchromosomes, disappearing chromosomes, and giant chromosomes

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 122(16)

Published: April 15, 2025

As in many diploid organisms with genetic sex determination, haploid-dominant have also evolved chromosomes or extensive genomic regions that lack recombination. An understanding of chromosome evolution should explain the causes and consequences such both diploids haploids. However, haploids been little studied, even though differences from carry implications concerning suppressed recombination organisms, make predictions about genome sex-linked can now be tested by approaches using sequences. I review these ideas, current empirical evidence them, more detail than recent reviews focusing on progress mechanisms involved determination. discuss one specific prediction, degeneration minor haploids, is not upheld. suggest this prediction does take account all processes leading to gene loss profound may evolve if genes become duplicated autosomes, a process appears occur diploids. emphasize types data are needed testing several ideas described.

Language: Английский

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Exploring Tissue- and Sex-Specific DNA Methylation in Cattle Using a Pan-Mammalian Infinium Array

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(9), P. 4284 - 4284

Published: May 1, 2025

DNA methylation is crucial in gene expression regulation and tissue differentiation livestock. However, genome-wide patterns among tissues remain underexplored cattle, one of the world's most important farm animals. This study investigates sex- tissue-specific cattle using CpG site data generated by an Infinium Methylation array (HorvathMammalMethyl-Chip40) across seven tissues. Our analysis revealed significant differences, with reproductive tissues/cells, such as sperm, exhibiting distinct profiles compared to somatic like hair blood. Principal component (PCA) highlighted primary driver variability. We also identified 222 sites sex-based particularly on X chromosome, suggesting potential epigenetic sex-specific traits. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that these may influence biological processes epithelial cell proliferation blood vessel remodeling. Overall, this provides insights into implications for improving livestock breeding strategies through integrating data.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of lineage specification in Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 225(4)

Published: Oct. 17, 2023

Abstract The studies of cell fate and lineage specification are fundamental to our understanding the development multicellular organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans has been one premiere systems for studying mechanisms at single resolution, due its transparent nature, invariant lineage, fixed number somatic cells. We discuss general themes regulatory that have emerged from these studies, with a focus on lineages fates. next review key factors pathways regulate discrete cells during embryogenesis postembryonic development; we transcription include numerous diagrams depict expression specify embryonic founder blast cells, diverse fates they generate. end by discussing some future perspectives in specification.

Language: Английский

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Condensin I folds the Caenorhabditis elegans genome

Nature Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 56(8), P. 1737 - 1749

Published: July 22, 2024

Language: Английский

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The impact of differential transposition activities of autonomous and nonautonomous hAT transposable elements on genome architecture and gene expression in Caenorhabditis inopinata

Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 227(2)

Published: April 5, 2024

Abstract Transposable elements are DNA sequences capable of moving within genomes and significantly influence genomic evolution. The nematode Caenorhabditis inopinata exhibits a much higher transposable element copy number than its sister species, elegans. In this study, we identified novel autonomous belonging to the hAT superfamily from spontaneous element-insertion mutant in C. named transposon Ci-hAT1. Further bioinformatic analyses uncovered 3 additional elements—Ci-hAT2, Ci-hAT3, Ci-hAT4—along with over 1,000 copies 2 nonautonomous miniature inverted-repeat elements, mCi-hAT1 mCi-hAT4, likely derived Ci-hAT1 Ci-hAT4 through internal deletion. We tracked at least sequential transpositions several years. However, transposition rates other were lower, suggesting varying activity levels. Notably, distribution patterns families differed significantly: was primarily located chromosome arms, pattern observed whereas mCi-hAT4 more evenly distributed across chromosomes. Additionally, interspecific transcriptome analysis indicated that genes upstream or intronic these insertions tend be highly expressed their orthologous These findings highlight significant role de-silenced driving evolution transcriptomes, leading species-specific genetic diversity.

Language: Английский

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