Forest Insect Biosecurity: Processes, Patterns, Predictions, Pitfalls

Annual Review of Entomology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 68(1), P. 211 - 229

Published: Oct. 6, 2022

The economic and environmental threats posed by non-native forest insects are ever increasing with the continuing globalization of trade travel; thus, need for mitigation through effective biosecurity is greater than ever. However, despite decades research implementation preborder, border, postborder preventative measures, insect invasions continue to occur, no evidence saturation, even predicted accelerate. In this article, we review measures used mitigate arrival, establishment, spread, impacts possible impediments successful these measures. Biosecurity successes likely under-recognized because they difficult detect quantify, whereas failures more evident in continued establishment additional species. There limitations existing systems at global country scales (for example, inspecting all imports impossible, phytosanitary perfect, knownunknowns cannot be regulated against, noncompliance an ongoing problem). should a shared responsibility across countries, governments, stakeholders, individuals.

Language: Английский

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Monitoring urban biological invasions using citizen science: the polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea fornicatus)

Journal of Pest Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 97(4), P. 2073 - 2085

Published: Jan. 27, 2024

Benefits provided by urban trees are increasingly threatened non-native pests and pathogens. Monitoring of these invasions is critical for the effective management conservation tree populations. However, a shortage professionally collected species occurrence data major impediment to assessments biological in areas. We applied from iNaturalist develop protocol monitoring using polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) invasion two areas South Africa. records all known PSHB reproductive host were used together with on localities sites processing plant biomass map priority detecting new expanding infestations. Priority also identified distribution

Language: Английский

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Acclimation effects on thermal locomotor performance of the invasive Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer beetle, Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Journal of Thermal Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 104068 - 104068

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

The Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB; Euwallacea fornicatus, Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is an invasive and destructive tree pest. To assess whether thermal acclimation influences E. fornicatus locomotion performance (i.e., induced plastic responses) that may influence invasion potential, beetles were acclimated to three temperatures (18 °C, 25 32 °C), four traits measured across six (13 18 23 28 33 °C 38 °C) per group construct curves, capturing critical minimum (Tmin), maximum (Tmax), breadth (Tbr), optimal rate (Umax). Substantial plasticity of curves was found in fornicatus. Generally, cold increased the range several locomotor without affecting levels, thereby supporting colder-is-better hypothesis. consequences these responses, using established here, movement rates at-risk orchard area South Africa predicted seasons while considering artificial warm spells. Cold-acclimated exhibited highest cumulative distance traveled both summer winter, warm-acclimated had lowest. Therefore, short-term variation significantly influenced performance, with notably improving dispersal a wide conditions. These findings highlight importance recent history when predicting potential. By integrating data microclimatic conditions functional models, this study offers valuable insights for spread, informing targeted management strategies, refining spatially explicit risk assessments mitigate impacts

Language: Английский

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Social licence to eradicate invasive pests of trees in urban landscapes: a review to prepare for the next incursion

Urban forestry & urban greening, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 128722 - 128722

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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The genus Quercus (Fagaceae) in South Africa: Introduction history, current status, and invasion ecology

South African Journal of Botany, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 167, P. 150 - 165

Published: Feb. 17, 2024

Hundreds of species alien trees have been introduced and widely cultivated in South Africa, many become invasive. Despite their long residence time widespread cultivation, little is known about the introduction history, current status, invasion ecology oaks (genus Quercus) Africa. This study reviews various aspects genus Quercus We determine number oak present, assess map distribution, highlight areas putative naturalisation, evaluate usefulness community science platform iNaturalist for assessing these factors. also conducted a field to elucidate environmental factors that can mediate invasibility riparian zone. A literature search was review events associated with introduction, cultivation naturalisation pests diseases Records Africa were collated from herbaria, arboreta, Southern African Plant Invader Atlas, Plants database iNaturalist. along Eerste River Stellenbosch role mediating naturalisation. found records 47 taxa which refined list 22 34 likely present. The earliest record robur 1656 but first most date between late 1800s early 1900s. More than 99 % presence ten commonly species. palustris, Q. robur, suber categorised as invasive, documented acutissima, canariensis, cerris, ilex, nigra. Most occurred at urban-wildland interface vegetation Cape Town Stellenbosch. Steepness riverbank affect seedling recruitment areas. shed new light on presence, status However, taxonomic complexity data quality complicated attempts develop robust inventory Molecular studies are needed achieve better resolution. Nonetheless, this has greatly improved our understanding distribution implications management.

Language: Английский

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Invasion of an Afrotemperate forest complex by the polyphagous shot hole borer beetle

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 172(4), P. 354 - 369

Published: Feb. 4, 2024

Abstract The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is a significant tree‐killing pest recently introduced into South Africa. Many native trees in urban settings are susceptible to infestation, but the presence of PSHB natural ecosystems unstudied. and drivers colonization 1682 68 species were evaluated 51 plots across Afrotemperate forest complex Breeding colonies found six (breeding hosts). An additional 11 did not contain hosted its mutualistic fungus Fusarium euwallaceae Freeman et al. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae). Invasibility increased when closer infestation border, further away from surface water, containing larger number breeding hosts. decreased with an increase tree richness. Polyphagous borers climax distant areas at sites frequented by tourists. severity host diameter, abundance, infested abundance. Probability trees. Infested spatially clumped. Instead, preferentially selected eight 17 species. And data suggest that these may be more PSHB. Eight random two seemingly accidentally. Infestations rapidly on those surrounded high abundance This study confirms forests highly invasion Direct anthropogenic impact had no discernible effect infestations, humans aided spread sites. Halting movement contaminated wood important. Management should focus as likelihood severe infestations.

Language: Английский

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A living inventory of planted trees in South Africa derived from iNaturalist

South African Journal of Botany, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 173, P. 365 - 379

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Language: Английский

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Efficacy of Commercially Available Entomopathogenic Agents against the Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer in South Africa

Insects, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 361 - 361

Published: April 5, 2023

The invasive ambrosia beetle, Euwallacea fornicatus, was first reported in South Africa 2018. beetle has now spread to eight provinces of the country and had a devastating impact on both native non-native tree species. This is especially true for trees located urban peri-urban environments. Recent predictions are that African E. fornicatus invasion will cost an estimated ZAR 275 billion (approx. USD 16 billion) if it continues uncontrollably, justifying urgent need its effective management country. One option biological control, which preferred over use chemicals due lower environmental impact. We tested two broad-spectrum fungal entomopathogenic agents, Eco-Bb® Bio-Insek, commercially available Africa, efficacy against fornicatus. Initial laboratory assays yielded promising results. However, infestation trials using treated pieces woody castor bean stems showed little effect survival reproduction.

Language: Английский

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Chemical control of the polyphagous shot hole borer beetle (PSHB, Euwallacea fornicatus) and Fusarium euwallaceae in American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)

Journal of Plant Pathology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 106(2), P. 457 - 468

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Abstract The polyphagous shot hole borer beetle (PSHB, Euwallacea fornicatus ) is a pest of global significance. PSHB an ambrosia which, together with its mutualistic fungi (including Fusarium euwallaceae ), can cause the death more than 100 tree species in invaded ranges. Management mostly relies on removal infested plant material. Chemical control options have been investigated only USA and Israel few species. This study evaluated four chemical treatments for therapeutic American sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua South Africa (1) bifenthrin + surfactant (alcohol ethoxylate), (2) cypermethrin (vitamin E) salicylic acid, (3) emamectin benzoate, (4) propiconazole. Trees were inoculated F. mature females using novel technique to document fungal lesion development colony establishment success. reduced additional colonisation attempts treated trees by ca. 40%, while other had no effect. Colony success was all between 20 40%. Fungal growth inhibited after application propiconazole 36%. Gallery length number individuals successful colonies unaffected any treatments. These results indicate that partially effective. Successful management will likely depend combination strategies integrated program.

Language: Английский

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Estimating the monetary cost of biological invasions to South Africa

Biological Invasions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 26(9), P. 3191 - 3203

Published: June 20, 2024

Abstract Estimates of the cost damage caused by invasive alien speices and money spent addressing biological invasions are needed to guide policy management. Here, we quantify known monetary costs South Africa, using data from InvaCost database, literature searches, stakeholders. The Department Forestry, Fisheries Environment, agencies directly funded them, provided most information on spent, with very little was available other government private sector. There also due impacts invasions. Between 1960 2023, ZAR9.6 billion (adjusted 2022 values) managing in Africa. This is only 4% predicted as being necessary for management, which amounted ZAR231.8 values. uncertainty obtained estimates a paucity both management costs. A few key points emerged our analysis: far exceeds expenditure control; amount control much less than what be needed; almost all has focussed plant species; there large gaps that reduce confidence estimates. Transparent reporting, strategic public–private collaborations, standardised impact metrics, reliable assessments effectiveness enable Africa more effectively account prioritise investments.

Language: Английский

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