Diseases and Insect Pests of AustralianAcaciaSpecies Utilized in Plantation Forestry

CABI eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 312 - 326

Published: Nov. 13, 2023

Australian Acacia species ('wattles'; specifically A. auriculiformis, crassicarpa, mangium, mearnsii and various hybrids) are important plantation forestry species, particularly in South-East Asia, parts of Africa Brazil. Over time, a number pathogens insect pests have become established these alien wattle plantations, some cases causing serious damage. These include root diseases, leaf shoot vascular wilt root- collar-feeding insects, leaf-eating sap-sucking ambrosia beetles other wood-boring insects. The diseases mainly but not exclusively caused by fungal native to the area where wattles planted, currently all planted. However, introduction is expected increase with time as global plantings expand. This, together continued development new host associations planted wattles, well potential insect–fungal resulting plant disease, will challenge sustainability forestry. Understanding origin diversity can help inform management responses, molecular tools for this purpose continually improving. Management responses use resistant or tolerant planting stock, biological control adapting silvicultural practices avoid Development such strategies require investment, including research, human capacity ability work on tree health problems, establishment both regional collaborative forest protection programmes.

Language: Английский

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The status of arboreta in South Africa and the taxa they contain

Southern Forests a Journal of Forest Science, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 84(2), P. 174 - 191

Published: April 3, 2022

Collections of living trees (hereafter arboreta) are important for conservation, research on species selection forestry, and as sentinel sites monitoring pests diseases. Arboreta can also be the source propagules biological invasions. Between 2012 2022 a survey was undertaken to assess status arboreta in South Africa taxa present such sites, first assessment since 1986. At least 172 have existed Africa, but 51 these no longer present, with total number peaking around 1980 declining thereafter. been lost mostly because conversion other land-uses, some cases specimens were felled or burnt down not replaced. Most remaining 121 municipal forestry land. The biggest challenge facing extant is financial burden maintaining collections. house 2 309 from 158 plant families; these, 128 (occurring variously 88 listed Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered Extinct Wild under 2020 IUCN Red List, 400 113 invasive somewhere world. Biogeographic regions that relatively well represented include East African Steppe, Sino-Japanese Region, West Rainforest, North-Eastern Australia, Caribbean, making valuable sources germplasm regions. an resource appears shrinking. If value current education, fulfilled, they need formally catalogued, their lists regularly updated, measures put place ensure sustainability.

Language: Английский

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Cost effectiveness of spread mitigation strategies for polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Frontiers in Insect Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 3

Published: Dec. 18, 2023

Polyphagous shot hole borer Euwallacea fornicatus Eichhoff was detected in Western Australia September 2021, and an eradication campaign funded by the Commonwealth government is underway. As part of contingency planning, we examined cost effectiveness alternative control strategies that could be used to mitigate urban forest impacts maintain benefits trees local communities if not feasible. At time this work undertaken, decision-makers were concerned about potential need replace all susceptible attack. We considered strategy alongside less destructive assessed their terms material labor costs loss ecosystem services resulting from reduced tree foliage. Using a stochastic simulation model, found involved pruning necrotic limbs treating biennially with systemic insecticide almost always more effective than removing infested replanting resistant varieties. estimated would A$55-110 million over 50 years, while removal $105-195 million. A third using mix chemical suppression also light new information pest’s host preferences. With $60-110 million, only slightly expensive alone actually lead range as narrow recent survey data suggests.

Language: Английский

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Rapid and cost‐effective detection of Fusarium euwallaceae from woody tissues

Plant Pathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 71(8), P. 1712 - 1720

Published: June 11, 2022

Abstract The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) Euwallacea fornicatus is an ambrosia beetle that poses a serious threat to hundreds of tree species in invaded countries. In its range, it relies on mutualistic fungus, Fusarium euwallaceae , for colony establishment and nutrition. Together, the beetle–fungus complex can cause dieback disease lead death highly susceptible hosts. key mitigation spread control PSHB rapid detection. Current identification DNA extraction sequencing barcoding genes and/or which expensive time‐consuming. Often not present sample, isolation purification fungus needed before employing molecular procedures. Because has strong association with fungal symbiont, at least infect trees without successful establishment, tool rapidly detect F . from infected wood would aid monitoring efforts. Here we developed PCR amplification protocol targets species‐specific gene within various hosts prior isolation, or sequencing. technique minimal woody material (c.15 mg) even degraded samples many Additionally, using lysate prepared mycelia provided reliable secondary measure. This method drastically reduces time costs associated field samples.

Language: Английский

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Chromosome structural rearrangements in invasive haplodiploid ambrosia beetles revealed by the genomes of Euwallacea fornicatus and Euwallacea similis (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: June 29, 2024

Abstract Bark and ambrosia beetles are among the most ecologically economically damaging introduced plant pests worldwide, with life history traits including polyphagy, haplodiploidy, inbreeding polygyny symbiosis fungi contributing to their dispersal impact. Species vary in host tree ecologies, many attacking stressed or recently dead trees, such as globally distributed E. similis (Ferrari). Other species, like Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff), can attack over 680 plants is causing considerable economic damage several countries worldwide. Despite notoriety, publicly accessible genomic resources for Hopkins species scarce, hampering better understanding of invasive capabilities well modern control measures, surveillance management. Using a combination long short read sequencing platforms we assembled annotated high quality (BUSCO > 98% complete) chromosome level genomes these species. Comparative macro-synteny analysis showed an increased number chromosomes haplodiploid compared diploid outbred due fission events. This suggests that impact structure. Further, genome had higher relative proportion repetitive elements, up 17% more, than . Additionally, metagenomic assembly pipelines identified microbiota associated both Fusarium fungal symbionts novel Wolbachia strain. These will contribute how related evolution management pests. Significance Scolytinae significant forestry around world commonly translocated human trade wood products. Life haplodiploidy attributed successful establishment environments. widely attacks wide variety live trees. study reports this for, , which colonises The assemblies presented herein highly complete scaffolded pseudo-chromosomal level. analyses other highlight chromosomal rearrangements between outbreeding scolytinae Higher proportions transposable elements were may promote species’ ability first insects.

Language: Английский

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Association between sub-cortical beetles, mites, and ophiostomatoid fungi on trees in South African Afromontane forests

African Entomology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 32

Published: Aug. 28, 2024

Sub-cortical beetles and mites contribute to tree mortality by creating wounds spreading potential pathogens. Here we elucidate associations between sub-cortical beetles, mites, ophiostomatoid fungi from trees in Afromontane forests South Africa. Bark wood samples were collected native species exotic Pinus radiata Acacia mearnsii that showed signs of beetle activity, or on storm-damaged trees. Ophiostomatoid fungi, a group contains numerous pathogens, isolated emerged samples, their galleries, phoretic these wound-associated mites. Fungal isolates identified using multiple DNA markers. Twenty beetle, 22 mite 16 fungal recovered only few host species. Three are likely undescribed despite increased focus this ecologically economically important worldwide. Significantly, some non-native hosts. Wound-associated less host-specific than beetle-associated taxa. We highlight the rich still unexplored symbioses provide foundation for future studies ecology organisms.

Language: Английский

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Pervasive heteroplasmy in an invasive ambrosia beetle (Scolytinae) in southern California

Heredity, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Sept. 12, 2024

Abstract Heteroplasmy, the presence of multiple mitochondrial genotypes (mitotypes) within an individual, has long been thought to be a rare aberrance that is quickly removed by selection or drift. However, heteroplasmy being reported in natural populations eukaryotes with increasing frequency, part due improved diagnostic methods. Here, we report seemingly stable heteroplasmic state California polyphagous shothole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea fornicatus ; invasive ambrosia beetle causing significant tree dieback. We develop and validate qPCR assay utilizing locked nucleic acid probes detect different mitotypes, qualitatively assess individual PSHB. prove utility this by: (1) mitotyping field-collected PSHB, documenting prevalence across its range California; and, (2) measuring relative titers each mitotype generations laboratory colonies stability transmission through maternal germline. show our findings are unlikely explained existence NUMTs next generation sequencing contiguous sections DNA, where observed sites found fully functional coding regions mtDNA. Subsequently, find individuals common Californian field populations, persists for at least 10 experimental colonies. also looked evidence occurrence paternal leakage, but none. In light results, discuss competing hypotheses as how may have arisen, continues perpetuate, PSHB populations.

Language: Английский

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Fusarium species associated with Euwallacea xanthopus in South Africa, including two novel species

Mycologia, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 1 - 20

Published: Sept. 26, 2024

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are small wood-boring insects that live in an obligate symbiosis with fungi, which serve as their primary food source. Beetles residing the genus

Language: Английский

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Chromosome structural rearrangements in invasive haplodiploid ambrosia beetles revealed by the genomes of Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) and Euwallacea similis (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Genome Biology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(11)

Published: Oct. 21, 2024

Abstract Bark and ambrosia beetles are among the most ecologically economically damaging introduced plant pests worldwide. Life history traits including polyphagy, haplodiploidy, inbreeding polygyny, symbiosis with fungi contribute to their dispersal impact. Species vary in interactions host trees, many attacking stressed or recently dead such as globally distributed Euwallacea similis (Ferrari). Other species, like Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer fornicatus (Eichhoff), can attack over 680 plants is causing considerable economic damage several countries. Despite notoriety, publicly accessible genomic resources for Hopkins species scarce, hampering our understanding of invasive capabilities well modern control measures, surveillance, management. Using a combination long short read sequencing platforms, we assembled annotated high quality (BUSCO > 98% complete) pseudo-chromosome-level genomes these species. Comparative macrosynteny analysis identified an increased number pseudo-chromosome scaffolds haplodiploid compared diploid outbred due fission events. This suggests that life impact chromosome structure. Further, genome E. had higher relative proportion repetitive elements, up 17% more, than similis. Metagenomic assembly pipelines microbiota associated both Fusarium fungal symbionts novel Wolbachia strain. These will how related evolution management pests.

Language: Английский

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