Adult sex ratios: causes of variation and implications for animal and human societies

Communications Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: Nov. 19, 2022

Abstract Converging lines of inquiry from across the social and biological sciences target adult sex ratio (ASR; proportion males in population) as a fundamental population-level determinant behavior. The ASR, which indicates relative number potential mates to competitors population, frames selective arena for competition, mate choice, interactions. Here we review growing literature, focusing on methodological developments that sharpen knowledge demographic variables underlying ASR variation, experiments enhance understanding consequences imbalance societies, phylogenetic analyses provide novel insights into evolution. We additionally highlight areas where research advances are expected make accelerating contributions sciences, evolutionary biology, biodiversity conservation.

Language: Английский

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Tadpoles Develop Elevated Heat Tolerance in Urban Heat Islands Regardless of Sex

Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 51(1), P. 209 - 216

Published: Feb. 3, 2024

Abstract The ability of wildlife to endure the effects high temperatures is increasingly important for biodiversity conservation under climate change and spreading urbanization. Organisms living in urban heat islands can have elevated tolerance via phenotypic or transgenerational plasticity microevolution. However, prevalence mechanisms such thermal adaptations are barely known aquatic organisms. Furthermore, males females differ tolerance, which may lead sex-biased mortality, yet it unknown how sex differences biology influence divergence. To address these knowledge gaps, we measured critical maxima (CT max ) male female agile frog ( Rana dalmatina tadpoles captured from warm ponds cool woodland ponds, a common-garden experiment where embryos collected both habitat types were raised laboratory. We found higher CT urban-dwelling compared their counterparts ponds. This difference was reversed experiment: originating had lower than no effect on its between habitats. These results demonstrate that amphibian larvae respond island with increased similarly other, mostly terrestrial taxa studied so far, be main driver this response. Our findings also suggest heat-induced mortality independent tadpoles, but research needed many more explore potentially sex-dependent responses.

Language: Английский

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HerpSexDet: the herpetological database of sex determination and sex reversal

Scientific Data, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 10(1)

Published: June 13, 2023

Abstract Wildlife exhibits various sex-determination systems where sex chromosomes and environmental temperatures may both contribute to individual sexual development. The causes consequences of this variability are important questions for evolutionary ecology, especially in light ongoing change. Amphibians reptiles emerging as a key group studying these questions, with new data accumulating acceleratingly. We collected empirical from earlier databases, reviews primary literature create the most up-to-date database on herpetological determination. named our HerpSexDet, which currently features genetic temperature-dependent determination well reports reversal total 192 amphibian 697 reptile species. This dataset, we will regularly update future, facilitates interspecific comparative studies evolution its species-specific traits such life history conservation status, also help guiding future research by identifying species or higher taxa that potentially enlightening study environmentally driven reversal.

Language: Английский

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The Thermal Tolerance of Springtails in a Tropical Cave, with the Description of a New Coecobrya Species (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from Thailand

Insects, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 16(1), P. 80 - 80

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

A new species of Collembola in the genus Coecobrya, C. microphthalma sp. nov., is described from a cave environment Saraburi province, central Thailand. The second boneti-group found country. It most similar to chompon Nilsai, Lima & Jantarit, 2022, which also Thai cave. However, morphologically different having orange dot pigmentation on its body and combination other morphological characteristics such as number sublobal hairs maxillary outer lobe medio-sublateral mac Th. II, Abd. I, III IV anterior face ventral tube. comparison all known boneti key world Coecobrya are given. nov. was successfully cultured laboratory. thermal tolerance studied tested with seven temperature experiments (27 °C control, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 36 °C). results showed that cannot survive at higher than 32 after exposure experimental heat for 7 14 consecutive days. At 27, 30 °C, remained alive produced eggs, but duration egg production egg-laying days significantly declined when increased (p < 0.001). An interesting aspect their reproduction concerns temperature. (5 above control temperature), F1 generation survived, active able molt adult stage. specimens were unable produce next offspring. For postembryonic development, required six molts reach development rate (from adult) varied differed between temperatures increase accelerated developmental juvenile instars statistical significance 0.01). This study first attempt provide information impact increasing population dynamics, reproductive capacity life history subterranean tropical Collembola.

Language: Английский

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Higher Sex‐Reversal Rate of Urban Frogs in a Common‐Garden Experiment Suggests Adaptive Microevolution

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 18(4)

Published: April 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Ectothermic vertebrates with genotypic sex determination may adjust their sexual phenotype to early‐life environmental conditions by reversal, and theoretical models predict diverse consequences for population dynamics microevolution under change. Environments that frequently expose individuals sex‐reversing effects select or against the propensity undergo depending on relative fitness of sex‐reversed individuals. Yet, empirical data adaptive value evolutionary potential reversal is scarce. Here we conducted a common‐garden experiment agile frogs ( Rana dalmatina ) respond larval heat stress test whether sex‐reversal has changed via in populations live anthropogenic habitats where potentially events are more frequent, compared cooler woodland habitats. Furthermore, infer fitness‐related traits between heat‐exposed females phenotypically developed into males (sex‐reversed) (sex‐concordant). We found frequency varied sibgroups was higher originating from habitats, regardless thermal environment they had been exposed during sex‐determination period. Among animals, time metamorphosis similar sex‐concordant females, but former reached larger body mass end than latter, approaching males. These results suggest have increased environments microevolution, minimize cost reduced growth caused events. Thus, provide an strategy ectothermic cope challenges Anthropocene. Such knowledge causes will help pinpoint which most threatened extinction due climatically influenced determination.

Language: Английский

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High-temperature stress will put the thermo-sensitive teleost yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco) in danger through reducing reproductivity

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 239, P. 113638 - 113638

Published: May 18, 2022

Recently, concerns for species that sex differentiation is influenced by temperature in the context of global warming have increased because disrupted operational ratios could threaten population maintenance. In contrast, little attention has been given to reproductive ability populations experienced elevated temperatures. this study, we demonstrated high (HT) would decrease size via three different aspects first time. We show that, a thermo-sensitive teleost yellow catfish, short period HT (+3 °C) exposure during critical leads percentage masculinization XX genotypic females (1-23%) wet-lab and natural water bodies. Combining results gonadal appearance, histology, sperm parameters, fertilization rate, found pseudo-males induced display significantly discounted fertility performance compared XY normal males. demonstrate survival genotype lower than under environmental stress, including HT, hypoxia, parasite infection, differential seems unrelated male-biased sexual dimorphism. The mathematical model predicts phenotypic female percent will be stabilized at 50% sustainably maintained when masculinizing force less 0.5, while put danger exceeds 0.5. However, combine real-world data mathematic model, our suggest decreases long-term studied are threatened projected pace increasing temperature. These findings useful understanding effects on ratio, reproduction maintenance teleost.

Language: Английский

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Determining zygosity with multiplex Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (mxKASP) genotyping

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 25, 2024

Abstract We introduce multiplex Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (mxKASP): a modification of ‘classical’ KASP genotyping that allows zygosity to be determined in diploid organisms. Rather than targeting SNP associated with single marker, mxKASP targets two non-homologous markers. show proof concept by applying the balanced lethal system Triturus newts, which individuals are known possess either: (1) zero copies 1A version chromosome 1 and 1B version; (2) one copy 1B; or (3) 1B. is successful amplifying both marker reaction (if present), allowing inferred. independently confirm our results approach. argue can applied rapidly economically determine zygostity organisms, for large number samples at once.

Language: Английский

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Exploring the Effects of Rearing Densities on Epigenetic Modifications in the Zebrafish Gonads

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(21), P. 16002 - 16002

Published: Nov. 6, 2023

Rearing density directly impacts fish welfare, which, in turn, affects productivity aquaculture. Previous studies have indicated that high-density rearing during sexual development can induce stress, resulting a tendency towards male-biased sex ratios the populations. In recent years, research has defined relevance of interactions between environment and epigenetics playing key role final phenotype. However, underlying epigenetic mechanisms individuals exposed to confinement remain elucidated. By using zebrafish (Danio rerio), DNA methylation promotor region gene expression patterns six genes, namely dnmt1, cyp19a1a, dmrt1, cyp11c1, hsd17b1, hsd11b2, involved maintenance methylation, reproduction, stress were assessed. Zebrafish larvae subjected two conditions (9 66 fish/L) periods overlapping differentiation this species (7 18 45 days post-fertilization, dpf). Results showed significant masculinization populations high densities from dpf. adulthood, dnmt1 was differentially hypomethylated ovaries its significantly downregulated testes high-density. Further, cyp19a1a downregulation elevated density, as previously observed other studies. We proposed potential testicular epimarker ovarian biomarker for predicting originated early stages development. These findings highlight importance by long-lasting effects adulthood conveying cautions stocking protocols hatcheries.

Language: Английский

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Effects of inbreeding and elevated rearing temperatures on strategic sperm investment

Behavioral Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 35(4)

Published: June 5, 2024

Abstract Males often strategically adjust the number of available sperm based on social context (i.e. priming response), but it remains unclear how environmental and genetic factors shape this adjustment. In freshwater ecosystems, high ambient temperatures lead to isolated pools hotter water in which inbreeding occurs. Higher can impair fish development, potentially disrupting production. We used guppies (Poecilia reticulata) investigate developmental temperature (26 °C, 30 °C) male status (inbred, outbred) influence their response. also tested if was affected by whether female a relative (sister) she inbred or outbred. There no effect rearing temperature; alone determined response presence, her status, relatedness. Inbred males produced significantly more presence an unrelated, outbred than when present. Conversely, did not alter Moreover, marginally exposed unrelated that rather inbred, there difference versus related. Together, only observed female. Outbred females our study were larger females, suggesting allocated ejaculate resources toward better condition.

Language: Английский

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Sex-specific thermal tolerance limits in the ditch shrimp Palaemon varians: Eco-evolutionary implications under a warming ocean

Journal of Thermal Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 103, P. 103151 - 103151

Published: Dec. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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