Impacts of Drought on Photosynthesis in Major Food Crops and the Related Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Drought

Plants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(13), P. 1808 - 1808

Published: June 30, 2024

Drought stress is one of the most critical threats to crop productivity and global food security. This review addresses multiple effects drought on process photosynthesis in major crops. Affecting both light-dependent light-independent reactions, leads severe damage photosystems blocks electron transport chain. Plants face a CO2 shortage provoked by stomatal closure, which triggers photorespiration; not only does it reduce carbon fixation efficiency, but also causes lower overall photosynthetic output. Drought-induced oxidative generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cellular structures, including chloroplasts, further impairing productivity. have evolved variety adaptive strategies alleviate these effects. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms help dissipate excess light energy as heat, protecting apparatus under conditions. Alternative pathways, such cyclical transmission chloroplast respiration, maintain balance prevent over-reduction Hormones, especially abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, cytokinin, modulate conductance, chlorophyll content, osmotic adjustment, increasing tolerance drought. Structural adjustments, leaf reordering altered root architecture, strengthen tolerance. Understanding complex interactions essential for developing drought-resistant varieties ensuring agricultural sustainability.

Language: Английский

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Biochemical and yield response of spring wheat to drought stress through gibberellic and abscisic acids

BMC Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Jan. 2, 2025

Drought stress significantly impacts wheat productivity, but plant growth regulators may help mitigate these effects. This study examined the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic (ABA) on (Triticum aestivum L., CV: Giza 171) yield under different water regimes. Using a split-plot design, we tested three drought levels as main plots: normal irrigation (80% field capacity), moderate (60% severe (40% capacity). Subplots consisted GA3 ABA treatments at 100 200 ppm concentrations. Results showed that treatment enhanced multiple parameters irrigation, including height (25–30% increase), leaf area (30–35% reproductive traits increase in number spikes, 35% grains per spike). In contrast, resulted reduced (35% decrease) greater reduction vs. 20% control) conditions. also improved physiological catalase superoxide dismutase activities, protein content, proline accumulation. These findings demonstrate distinct roles regulating responses, providing valuable insights for management cultivation.

Language: Английский

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Melatonin mitigates drought stress by increasing sucrose synthesis and suppressing abscisic acid biosynthesis in tomato seedlings

Physiologia Plantarum, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 176(4)

Published: July 1, 2024

The increasing prevalence of drought events poses a major challenge for upcoming crop production. Melatonin is tiny indolic tonic substance with fascinating regulatory functions in plants. While plants can respond several ways to alleviate stress, the processes underpinning stress sensing and signaling are poorly understood. Hereafter, objectives this investigation were explore putative melatonin regulation sugar metabolism abscisic acid biosynthesis drought-stressed tomato seedlings. (100 μM) and/or water foliar sprayed, followed by being imposed 14 days. Drought significantly decreased biomass accumulation, inhibited photosynthetic activity, stimulated senescence-associated gene 12 (SAG12) expression. treatment effectively reversed drought-induced growth retardation as evidenced increased leaf pigment balance restricted (ABA) accumulation. Sugar particularly sucrose content, was higher drought-imposed seedlings, possibly owing transcription levels non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase 2 (SnKR2.2) ABA-responsive element binding factors (AREB2). addition further uplifted which coincided activity synthase (SS, 130%), phosphate (SPS, 137%), starch degradation encoding enzyme β-amylase (BAM, 40%) α-amylase (AMY, 59%) upregulated their BAM1(10.3 folds) AMY3 (8.1 genes expression at day relative control. Under deficit conditions, supplementation ABA content (24%) its expressions. Additionally, transporter subfamily SUT1 SUT4 melatonin. Collectively, our findings illustrate that enhances tolerance seedlings stimulating negatively regulating synthesis.

Language: Английский

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Multivariate Analysis Compares and Evaluates Heat Tolerance of Potato Germplasm

Plants, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 13(1), P. 142 - 142

Published: Jan. 4, 2024

High temperature is the most important environmental factor limiting potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield. The tuber yield has been used to evaluate heat tolerance of some cultivars, but was closely correlated with maturation period. Therefore, it necessary employ different parameters comprehensively analyze and stress. This study aimed investigate physiologic changes during growth development, develop accurate evaluation methods cultivars under About 93 (including foreign elite lines, local landraces cultivars) were screened using an in vitro tuber-inducing system (continuous darkness 8% sucrose culture medium) stress (30 °C) normal (22 conditions for 30 days. number decreased significantly compared control. A total 42 initially selected depending on formation, after screening, further testing conducted ex conditions. exposed (35 °C/28 °C, day/night) 60 Heat led increase plant height rate, fourth internode membrane damage, due heat-induced damage chloroplasts, decrease chlorophyll biosynthesis photosynthetic efficiency. Three principal components extracted by component analysis. Correlation regression analysis showed that positively content b, stomatal conductance, transpiration number, yield, negatively cell injury level. nine traits are representative indicators evaluating could determine a relatively high mean forecast accuracy 100.0% comprehensive value. Through cluster cultivar FA, D73, C132 had highest value, which be as heat-resistant varieties. provides insights into physiological mechanisms stress, valuable research breeding.

Language: Английский

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Differences and driving factors of leaf functional traits between old tree and mature tree of Pinus tabulaeformis in the Loess Plateau

BMC Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Jan. 30, 2025

Study the leaf functional traits is highly important for understanding survival strategies and climate adaptability of old trees. In this study, (over 100 years old) mature trees (about 50 Pinus tabulaeformis in Loess Plateau were studied, variation 18 (6 economic, 4 anatomical, 2 photosynthetic 6 physiological traits) was analyzed to understand differences between Combined with transcriptome simple sequence repeats (SSR) techniques, effects soil property factors genetic on potential molecular mechanisms studied. Compared trees, presented greater economic (except phosphorus content), anatomical stomatal density), superoxide dismutase activity) lower traits, their more conservative. The difference mainly driven by (common explanation rate 67.89%), independent effect (10.09%) slightly higher than that (2.88%). addition, constructing weighted gene co-expression networks analysis WGCNA), research identified 24 candidate hub genes regulate most which are related plant growth development stress response, can be used further regulatory mechanism analysis. conclusion, study helpful ecological P. tabuliformis under background change Plateau, provides a theoretical basis regulation protection

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of maize varieties via multivariate analysis: Roles of ionome, antioxidants, and autophagy in salt tolerance

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 196(1), P. 195 - 209

Published: June 12, 2024

Abstract Salt stress presents a major obstacle to maize (Zea mays L.) production globally, impeding its growth and development. In this study, we aimed identify salt-tolerant varieties through evaluation using multivariate analysis shed light on the role of ionome, antioxidant capacity, autophagy in salt tolerance. We investigated multiple indices, including shoot fresh weight, dry plant height, chlorophyll content, electrolyte leakage, potassium sodium contents, potassium-to-sodium ratio, 20 at V3 stage under (200 mm NaCl). The results showed significant differences accompanied by wide range their coefficient variation, suggesting suitability for screening Based D values, clustering categorized into 4 distinct groups. TG88, KN20, LR888 (group I) emerged as most varieties, while YD9, XD903, LH151 IV) were identified sensitive. TG88 showcased nutrient preservation redistribution stress, surpassing YD9. It maintained nitrogen iron levels roots, YD9 experienced decreases. redistributed more nitrogen, zinc, leaves, outperforming preserved sulfur both roots unlike Additionally, demonstrated higher enzymatic capacity (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate glutathione reductase) enzyme gene expression levels, upregulation autophagy-related (ATG) genes (ZmATG6, ZmATG8a, ZmATG10), increased autophagic activity. Overall, study offers insights accurate methods physiological mechanisms underlying tolerance identifies promising materials further research.

Language: Английский

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Improving soybean drought tolerance via silicon-induced changes in growth, physiological, biochemical, and root characteristics

Plant Signaling & Behavior, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 20(1)

Published: Feb. 24, 2025

Drought-induced osmotic stress is a significant constraint to soybean growth and yield, necessitating the development of effective mitigation strategies. Silicon acts as an important strategy mitigate negative effects drought stress. The study was aimed evaluate potential soil-applied silicon in alleviating soybean. Two field capacities were tested: control (85% FC) (50% FC), with four application rates (0, 100, 200, 300 kg ha−1) applied at sowing. Drought significantly affected morphological parameters plant height, leaf area, water reduced by 25%, 20%, 36%, respectively, while root length increased compared control-85% FC. However, density, surface biomass Additionally, photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll b levels, stomatal conductance, increasing malondialdehyde hydrogen peroxide. natural defense system upregulated, activity phenolics, soluble proteins, antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase. applications, especially 200 ha−1, alleviated improving morphophysiological biochemical traits soybeans. Compared control, Si200 length, rate, 22%, 39%, 23%, 17%, control. Furthermore, peroxide levels 21% 10%, enhancing resilience. supplementation also boosted attributes, total enzyme activities 30%, 55%, 19%, 24%, 31%, under conditions. In crux, ha−1 effectively mitigated soybean, becoming more sustainable approach sustain crop yield food security.

Language: Английский

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Multivariate analysis unveils antioxidant-nutrient trade-offs in Maize Hybrids: A hierarchical framework for acid soil tolerance evaluation

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: April 7, 2025

Background and Aims Acid soils, characterized by nutrient deficiencies metal ion toxicity, severely limit maize yields. Cultivating acid soil tolerant represents a promising strategy to address these edaphic constraints. Methods Through controlled pot experiments, 50 hybrids were subjected acidic stress (AS) optimal conditions (CK), evaluating 15 morpho-physiological traits at the V5 stage. Multivariate statistical approaches employed identify critical tolerance indicators, with subsequent field validation conducted on four selected genotypes. Results Acidic induced significant alterations across all measured parameters compared control revealed substantial genotypic variation in responses. Cluster analysis classified into five distinct categories, two predominant adaptation strategies. Antioxidant-dependent resistance elevated peroxidase (POD), ascorbate (APX), catalase (CAT) activities. This prioritized oxidative defense expense of biomass production (acid-sensitive varieties). Nutrient optimization demonstrated superior nitrogen phosphorus acquisition efficiencies, enabling sustained growth under (acid-tolerant Stepwise regression identified six evaluation parameters: plant height, fresh weight, stem diameter, leaf area, total accumulation, complemented antioxidant enzyme profiles reactive oxygen species levels. Conclusion study establishes comprehensive framework incorporating 11 validated indicators for screening adaptive varieties conditions. Field confirmed accuracy multivariate selecting varieties.

Language: Английский

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Comprehensive Evaluation and Construction of Drought Resistance Index System in Hulless Barley Seedlings

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 26(8), P. 3799 - 3799

Published: April 17, 2025

With global climate change ongoing, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have increased annually. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum), a primary crop cultivated in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau mountains, frequently encounters multiple abiotic stresses including low temperature, high salinity, drought. Among these stresses, drought has emerged as critical environmental constraint affecting sustainable agricultural development worldwide. Establishing resistance evaluation system for hulless germplasm during its seedling stages could provide theoretical foundation screening breeding drought-tolerant cultivars to address challenges. This study employed two drought-sensitive (YC85 YC88) (ZY1252 ZY1100) develop an effective protocol barley. Our findings identified several reliable indicators assessing tolerance at stage: fresh mass, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm, NPQ, RFD), photosynthetic (E gsw), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The established was subsequently applied three uncharacterized (ZY673, ZY1403, KL14). results classified all drought-sensitive, with ZY1403 exhibiting highest sensitivity. work comprehensive framework Tibetan Furthermore, this provides valuable insights optimizing cultivation practices water resource management strategies, offering guidance adaptation change.

Language: Английский

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Physio-Biochemical Characteristics and Quality Evaluation in Upper Leaves of Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L. under Waterlogging Stress

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 72(1)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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