Protective neutralizing epitopes in SARS‐CoV‐2

Immunological Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 310(1), P. 76 - 92

Published: May 22, 2022

Abstract The COVID‐19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health crisis and economic burden worldwide. Its etiological agent SARS‐CoV‐2, a new virus in the coronavirus family, infected hundreds of millions people SARS‐CoV‐2 evolved over past 2 years to increase its transmissibility as well evade immunity established by previous infection vaccination. Nevertheless, strong immune responses can be elicited viral vaccination, which have proved protective against emergence variants, particularly with respect hospitalization or severe disease. Here, we review our current understanding how enters host cell system is able defend entry infection. Neutralizing antibodies are major component defense been extensively studied for variants. Structures these neutralizing provided valuable insights into epitopes that original ancestral variants emerged. molecular characterization epitope conservation resistance important design next‐generation vaccines antibody therapeutics.

Language: Английский

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Differences in airborne stability of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern is impacted by alkalinity of surrogates of respiratory aerosol

Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(203)

Published: June 1, 2023

The mechanistic factors hypothesized to be key drivers for the loss of infectivity viruses in aerosol phase often remain speculative. Using a next-generation bioaerosol technology, we report measurements aero-stability several SARS-CoV-2 variants concern droplets well-defined size and composition at high (90%) low (40%) relative humidity (RH) upwards 40 min. When compared with ancestral virus, Delta variant displayed different decay profiles. At RH, viral approximately 55% was observed over initial 5 s both variants. Regardless RH variant, greater than 95% lost after min being aerosolized. Aero-stability correlate their sensitivities alkaline pH. Removal all acidic vapours dramatically increased rate decay, 90% 2 min, while addition nitric acid vapour improved aero-stability. Similar artificial saliva growth medium observed. A model predict is proposed: pH exhaled drives loss; salt content limits infectivity.

Language: Английский

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Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Advancement in Diagnostic and Detection Techniques, and Post-Pandemic Treatment Strategies

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(15), P. 8155 - 8155

Published: July 26, 2024

At present, COVID-19 remains a public health concern due to the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its prevalence in particular countries. This paper provides an updated overview epidemiology pathogenesis COVID-19, with focus on emergence variants phenomenon known as ‘long COVID’. Meanwhile, diagnostic detection advances will be mentioned. Though many inventions have been made combat pandemic, some outstanding ones include multiplex RT-PCR, which can used for accurate diagnosis infection. ELISA-based antigen tests also appear potential tools available future. discusses current treatments, vaccination strategies, well emerging cell-based therapies The underscores necessity us continuously update scientific understanding treatments it.

Language: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 transmission with and without mask wearing or air cleaners in schools in Switzerland: A modeling study of epidemiological, environmental, and molecular data

PLoS Medicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. e1004226 - e1004226

Published: May 18, 2023

Background Growing evidence suggests an important contribution of airborne transmission to the overall spread Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in particular via smaller particles called aerosols. However, school children SARS-CoV-2 remains uncertain. The aim this study was assess respiratory infections and association with infection control measures schools using a multiple-measurement approach. Methods findings We collected epidemiological (cases Disease 2019 (COVID-19)), environmental (CO , aerosol particle concentrations), molecular data (bioaerosol saliva samples) over 7 weeks from January March 2022 (Omicron wave) secondary ( n = 90, average 18 students/classroom) Switzerland. analyzed changes characteristics between different conditions (no intervention, mask wearing, air cleaners). Analyses were adjusted for ventilation, number students class, weekday effects. modeled disease semi-mechanistic Bayesian hierarchical model, adjusting absent community transmission. Molecular analysis (21/262 positive) samples (10/130) detected throughout (weekly viral concentration 0.6 copies/L) occasionally other viruses. Overall daily CO levels 1,064 ± 232 ppm standard deviation). Daily concentrations without interventions 177 109 1/cm 3 decreased by 69% (95% CrI 42% 86%) mandates 39% 4% 69%) cleaners. Compared no risk lower (adjusted odds ratio 0.19, 95% 0.09 0.38) comparable cleaners (1.00, 0.15 6.51). Study limitations include possible confounding period as susceptible declined time. Furthermore, detection pathogens document exposure but not necessarily Conclusions human indicated sustained schools. Mask associated greater reductions than Our approach could be used continuously monitor effectiveness congregate settings.

Language: Английский

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Inactivation of airborne pathogenic microorganisms by plasma-activated nebulized mist

Journal of Hazardous Materials, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 459, P. 132072 - 132072

Published: July 17, 2023

Language: Английский

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Reduction of acute respiratory infections in day-care by non-pharmaceutical interventions: a narrative review

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: Feb. 14, 2024

Objective Children who start in day-care have 2–4 times as many respiratory infections compared to children are cared for at home, and staff among the employees with highest absenteeism. The extensive new knowledge that has been generated COVID-19 era should be used prevention measures we prioritize. purpose of this narrative review is answer questions: Which viruses most significant centers similar indoor environments? What do know about transmission route these viruses? evidence there effectiveness different non-pharmaceutical measures? Design Literature searches terms related humans, mitigation strategies, viral mechanisms, special focus on day-care, kindergarten or child nurseries, were conducted PubMed database Web Science. Searches each main combination transmission, infectivity, infectious spread separately supplemented through references articles retrieved. Results Five found responsible ≈95% infections: rhinovirus, (RV), influenza virus (IV), syncytial (RSV), coronavirus (CoV), adenovirus (AdV). Novel research, emerged during pandemic, suggests primarily transmitted an airborne manner carried by aerosols (microdroplets). Conclusion Since dominant common viruses, important preventive consist better air quality reduces concentrations viability appropriate ventilation strategies. Furthermore, control relative humidity temperature, which ensures optimal functionality and, together low resident density (or mask use) increased time outdoors, can reduce occurrence infections.

Language: Английский

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Occupancy-aided ventilation for airborne infection risk control: Continuously or intermittently reduced occupancies?

Building Simulation, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 16(5), P. 733 - 747

Published: Nov. 5, 2022

Language: Английский

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Recruiting and retaining community-based participants in a COVID-19 longitudinal cohort and social networks study: lessons from Victoria, Australia

BMC Medical Research Methodology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 23(1)

Published: Feb. 27, 2023

Abstract Background Longitudinal studies are critical to informing evolving responses COVID-19 but can be hampered by attrition bias, which undermines their reliability for guiding policy and practice. We describe recruitment retention in the Optimise Study, a longitudinal cohort social networks study that aimed inform public health COVID-19. Methods recruited adults residing Victoria, Australia September 01 2020–September 30 2021. High-frequency follow-up data collection included nominating participation completing survey four diaries each month, plus additional surveys if they tested positive or were close contact. This compared number a-priori targets as of 302,021, December 31 2021, comparing participants retained not retained, diary completion October 2020–December Retained completed final three-months time. Attrition was defined divided who baseline 302,021. Survey calculated proportion sent between Results At 663 at 312,021, 563 giving an overall 15% ( n = 100/663). Among 90% 19,354/21,524) 89% 4936/5560) monthly surveys. Compared those older (t-test, p < 0.001), more likely female (χ 2 , tertiary educated 0.018). Conclusion High levels demonstrate willingness participate complex, with high participant burden during global pandemic. believe comprehensive strategies, frequent dissemination findings participants, unique systems have contributed retention.

Language: Английский

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Indoor air humidity revisited: Impact on acute symptoms, work productivity, and risk of influenza and COVID-19 infection

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 256, P. 114313 - 114313

Published: Dec. 27, 2023

Recent epidemiological and experimental findings reconfirm that low indoor air humidity (dry air) increases the prevalence of acute eye airway symptoms in offices, result lower mucociliary clearance airways, less efficient immune defense, deteriorate work productivity. New research also support environmental conditions for risk infection influenza COVID-19 virus is lowest Goldilocks zone 40–60% relative (RH) by decrease airways' susceptibility, which can be elevated particle exposure. Furthermore, RH generation infectious laden aerosols exhaled from infected people. In general, elevation dry health airways concomitantly with viability virus. Thus, negative effects ventilation outdoor (low absolute humidity) should assessed according to 1) weakened functionality 2) increased possible transmissibility virus, 3) evaporation containing droplets out droplet nuclei (also at high room temperature), their floating time air. The removal acid-containing ambient filtration pH, viruses, infection, synergistically may further increase dilution pollutants compared beneficial control center RH, an essential factor optimal additional positive impact on symptoms, productivity, reduced infection.

Language: Английский

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Epidemiological and health economic implications of symptom propagation in respiratory pathogens: A mathematical modelling investigation

PLoS Computational Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 20(5), P. e1012096 - e1012096

Published: May 3, 2024

Background Respiratory pathogens inflict a substantial burden on public health and the economy. Although severity of symptoms caused by these can vary from asymptomatic to fatal, factors that determine symptom are not fully understood. Correlations in between infector-infectee pairs, for which evidence is accumulating, generate large-scale clusters severe infections could be devastating those most at risk, whilst also conceivably leading chains mild or widespread immunity with minimal cost health. this effect harnessed amplify impact interventions reduce severity, mechanistic representation propagation within mathematical economic modelling respiratory diseases understudied. Methods findings We propose novel framework incorporating different levels into models infectious disease transmission via single parameter, α . Varying tunes model having no ( = 0, as typically assumed) one where always propagate 1). For parameters corresponding three pathogens—seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza SARS-CoV-2—we explored how impacted relative epidemiological health-economic performance interventions, conceptualised vaccines actions: symptom-attenuating (labelled SA), infection-blocking (IB) admitting only breakthrough (IB_MB). In absence fixed underlying parameters, stronger increased proportion cases were severe. SA IB_MB, more effective reducing prevalence (all cases) higher strengths propagation. IB, had effectiveness, seasonal intervention type was than all SARS-CoV-2, low uptake, IB propagation; high became under strong Health assessments found that, SA-type amount spend control maintaining cost-effective (termed threshold unit cost) very sensitive strength Conclusions Overall, preferred depended combination uptake. Given importance determining robust responses, we highlight need gather further data propagation, our acting template future analysis.

Language: Английский

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