
Journal of Avian Biology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown
Published: Dec. 27, 2024
The decision to flee from an approaching threat represents a trade‐off between the costs and benefits of flight. In research date, particular interest has been given effects urbanisation on predator escape behaviour. However, these differences are most often studied at population rather than individual level, which makes it difficult disentangle whether site‐specific in avoidance due behavioural plasticity or non‐random distribution phenotypes. this study, we measured flight initiation distances – widely used proxy for fearfulness boldness free‐roaming, human‐habituated, colour‐banded greylag geese Anser anser . First, tested individuals flexibly adjusted their distance based environmental context by same two sites with different levels human presence. Second, examined flock members show consistent towards unfamiliar humans. Our results suggest that can adjust behaviour both within across years. When regularly move foraging sites, establishing responses potential threats may allow them optimise response thereby avoid unnecessary energetic opportunity costs. Keywords: , plasticity, boldness, behaviour,
Language: Английский