Psychological Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
34(1), P. 87 - 98
Published: Oct. 26, 2022
Humans
are
exposed
to
environmental
and
economic
threats
that
can
profoundly
affect
individual
survival
group
functioning.
Although
anecdotal
evidence
suggests
threat
exposure
increase
collective
action,
the
effects
of
on
decision-making
have
been
mainly
investigated
at
level.
Here
we
examine
how
concomitant
physiological
responses
modulate
cooperation
in
small
groups.
Individuals
(
N
=
105,
ages
18–34
years)
groups
three
were
electric
shocks
while
deciding
much
contribute
a
public
good.
Threat
shock
induced
state
freezing
and,
compared
with
no-threat
conditions,
reduced
free
riding
enabled
maintain
higher
over
time.
Exploratory
analyses
revealed
more
cooperative
under
driven
by
stronger
baseline
prosociality,
suggesting
habitual
prosociality
is
reinforced
threat.
The
current
results
support
view
human
respond
outside
increased
cooperation.
The
preferential
treatment
of
in-group
members
is
widely
observed.
This
study
examines
this
phenomenon
in
the
domain
cooperation
social
dilemmas
using
evolutionary
agent-based
models
that
consider
role
partner
selection.
model
considers
a
repeated
prisoner's
dilemma
game,
which
agents
belong
to
one
two
groups
are
distinguished
by
continuation
probability
pair
interactions.
On
basis
behavior
last
round
and
group
affiliation
partner,
each
individual
selects
cooperate,
defect,
or
stop
interactions
search
for
different
partner.
results
simulation
demonstrated
adopt
cooperative
strategies,
including
tit-for-tat
out-for-tat,
toward
members.
By
contrast,
immediately
after
formation
without
observing
their
partner's
when
they
paired
with
an
out-group
individual.
Higher
partners
hinders
interaction
individuals.
Our
imply
importance
avoidance
intergroup
might
explain
favoritism
enmity
out-groups.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
47
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Abstract
Behavioural
ecologies
in
themselves
can
create
variation
fitness
interdependencies
among
individuals,
and
hence
modulate
the
functionality
of
invoking
historical
myths.
We
develop
this
possibility
for
case
where
coalitions
form
to
attack
exploit
enemies,
or
defend
protect
against
hostile
out-groups.
propose
that
myths
are
functional
observed
especially
when
groups
aggressively
expand.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
47
Published: Jan. 1, 2024
Abstract
We
take
issue
with
Glowacki's
assumption
that
intergroup
relations
are
characterized
by
positive-sum
interactions
and
suggest
to
include
negative-sum
interactions,
between-group
independence.
As
such,
peace
may
be
better
defined
as
the
absence
of
interactions.
Rather
than
being
a
consequence
cooperation,
emerges
necessary
but
not
sufficient
prerequisite
for
positive
(in)direct
reciprocity
between
groups
that,
in
turn,
is
key
social
identities
cultural
complexity.
Sri Lanka Journal of Medicine,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
33(2), P. 4 - 14
Published: Aug. 13, 2024
Introduction:
All
service
personnel
are
expected
to
be
psychologically
and
physically
healthy.
However,
certain
behaviours
may
impede
the
above,
tobacco
smoking
is
one
out
of
many.
Studies
reiterate
high
prevalence
in
military,
military
culture,
low
education,
younger
age,
psychiatric
conditions
childhood
adversities,
alcohol
substance
use
implicated.Methodology:
This
was
a
retrospective
cross-sectional
study,
done
Army
Security
Force
Headquarters
East,
sample
147
Officers
3519
Other
Ranks
(ORs),
serving
>
2
years.
A
self-administered
questionnaire
inquired
into
demographic
data,
probable
depression,
high-risk
drinking,
symptoms
PTSD,
fatigue,
cannabis
use,
aggression,
cohesion.
Smoking
experience
assessed
terms
never,
past
current
use.
The
adjusted
Odds
Ratio
determined
significance
correlates
smoking.Results:
Fifty
point
nine
percent
(95%
CI
49.4%
-
52.6%)
were
smokers
62.4%
60.8%-64.0%)
smoked
past.
Younger
lower
marriage,
longer
service,
drinking
significantly
associated
with
behaviours.Discussion:
Compared
community
surveys,
within
Army.
rank
covariates,
which
could
due
inability
cope
stress
environment
(i.e.
availability
social
influence).
Alcohol
complement
effects
smoking.
Depression
fatigue
outcomes
or
causes
Health
education
management
programmes
imposing
restrictions
installations
recommended
dissuade
Psychological Science,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
34(1), P. 87 - 98
Published: Oct. 26, 2022
Humans
are
exposed
to
environmental
and
economic
threats
that
can
profoundly
affect
individual
survival
group
functioning.
Although
anecdotal
evidence
suggests
threat
exposure
increase
collective
action,
the
effects
of
on
decision-making
have
been
mainly
investigated
at
level.
Here
we
examine
how
concomitant
physiological
responses
modulate
cooperation
in
small
groups.
Individuals
(
N
=
105,
ages
18–34
years)
groups
three
were
electric
shocks
while
deciding
much
contribute
a
public
good.
Threat
shock
induced
state
freezing
and,
compared
with
no-threat
conditions,
reduced
free
riding
enabled
maintain
higher
over
time.
Exploratory
analyses
revealed
more
cooperative
under
driven
by
stronger
baseline
prosociality,
suggesting
habitual
prosociality
is
reinforced
threat.
The
current
results
support
view
human
respond
outside
increased
cooperation.
