Diversity and Convergence of Sex-Determination Mechanisms in Teleost Fish

Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 233 - 259

Published: Oct. 20, 2023

Sexual reproduction is prevalent across diverse taxa. However, sex-determination mechanisms are so that even closely related species often differ in systems. Teleost fish a taxonomic group with frequent turnovers of sex-determining and thus provides us great opportunities to investigate the molecular evolutionary underlying turnover Here, we compile recent studies on diversity fish. We demonstrate genes TGF-β signaling pathway frequently used for master (MSD) genes. MSD arise via two main mechanisms, duplication-and-transposition allelic mutations, few exceptions. also temperature influences sex determination many species, those chromosomes, higher temperatures inducing differentiation into males most cases. Finally, review theoretical models discuss what questions remain elusive.

Language: Английский

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Evolution and regulation of animal sex chromosomes

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 18, 2024

Language: Английский

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Sex‐biased gene content is associated with sex chromosome turnover in Danaini butterflies

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(24)

Published: Jan. 5, 2024

Sex chromosomes play an outsized role in adaptation and speciation, thus deserve particular attention evolutionary genomics. In particular, fusions between sex autosomes can produce neo-sex chromosomes, which offer important insights into the dynamics of chromosomes. Here, we investigate origin previously reported Danaus chromosome within tribe Danaini. We assembled annotated genomes Tirumala septentrionis (subtribe Danaina), Ideopsis similis (Amaurina), Idea leuconoe (Euploeina) Lycorea halia (Itunina) identified their Z-linked scaffolds. found that resulting from fusion a Z autosome corresponding to Melitaea cinxia (McChr) 21 arose common ancestor Danaina, Amaurina Euploina. also two additional as W further fused with synteny block McChr31 I. independent occurred ancestral McChr12 L. halia. tested possible sexually antagonistic selection turnover by analysing genomic distribution sex-biased genes The McChr21 involved are significantly enriched female- male-biased genes, respectively, could have hypothetically facilitated fixation This suggests sexual antagonism Lepidoptera. neo-Z both appear fully compensated somatic tissues, but extent dosage compensation for varies across tissues species.

Language: Английский

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Sex chromosome evolution: hallmarks and question marks

Molecular Biology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 41(11)

Published: Oct. 16, 2024

Abstract Sex chromosomes are widespread in species with separate sexes. They have evolved many times independently and display a truly remarkable diversity. New sequencing technologies methodological developments allowed the field of molecular evolution to explore this diversity large number model nonmodel organisms, broadening our vision on mechanisms involved their evolution. Diverse studies us better capture common evolutionary routes that shape sex chromosomes; however, we still mostly fail explain why so diverse. We review over half century theoretical empirical work chromosome highlight pending questions origins, turnovers, rearrangements, degeneration, dosage compensation, gene content, rates also report recent progress understanding ultimate reasons for chromosomes’ existence.

Language: Английский

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Genomic architecture of supergenes: connecting form and function

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 377(1856)

Published: June 13, 2022

Supergenes are tightly linked sets of loci that inherited together and control complex phenotypes. While classical supergenes-governing traits such as wing patterns in Heliconius butterflies or heterostyly Primula-have been studied since the Modern Synthesis, we still understand very little about how they evolve persist nature. The genetic architecture supergenes is a critical factor affecting their evolutionary fate, it can change key parameters recombination rate effective population size, potentially redirecting molecular evolution supergene addition to surrounding genomic region. To evolution, must link with processes. This now becoming possible recent advances sequencing technology powerful forward computer simulations. present theme issue brings theoretical empirical papers, well opinion synthesis which showcase architectural diversity connect this processes polymorphism maintenance mutation accumulation. Here, summarize those insights highlight new ideas methods illuminate path for study article part 'Genomic supergenes: causes consequences'.

Language: Английский

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Searching for signatures of sexually antagonistic selection on stickleback sex chromosomes

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 377(1856)

Published: June 13, 2022

Intralocus sexually antagonistic selection occurs when an allele is beneficial to one sex but detrimental the other. This form of thought be key evolution chromosomes hard detect. Here we perform analysis phased young look for signals in Japan Sea stickleback (Gasterosteus nipponicus). Phasing allows us date suppression recombination on chromosome and provides unprecedented resolution identify recombining region chromosome. We four windows with elevated divergence between X Y region, all or very near genes associated phenotypes potentially under humans. are unable, however, rule out alternative hypothesis that peaks result from demographic effects. Thus, although a formation supergenes chromosomes, it remains challenging article part theme issue 'Genomic architecture supergenes: causes evolutionary consequences'.

Language: Английский

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Why and how do Y chromosome stop recombining?

Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 36(3), P. 632 - 636

Published: Jan. 22, 2023

Sex chromosomes either carry a factor like the male-determining factors of mammals (Berta et al., 1990) or plant Silene latifolia (Westergaard, 1958), function in balanced sex-determining systems, as Drosophila (Bridges, 1925) and Caenorhabditis elegans (Meyer, 2022). The sex chromosome pairs these several other species include physically extensive fully Y-linked, male-specific, regions ('MSY') that have undergone 'genetic degeneration' lost most genes are carried on X (X-linked then hemizygous males). Similar losses recombination, similar degeneration, occurred evolution with female heterogamety, including birds Lepidoptera, respectively, reviewed by Wang al. (2014) Fraisse (2017). lack recombination is probably not direct consequence carrying genes, having an essential role determination, since unrelated fish small located within recombining (Koyama 2019; Kuhl 2021; Nacif 2022; Reichwald 2015), completely sex-linked some plants smaller than 1 Mb (Akagi 2014; Harkess 2020). These situations can be explained ways, for example they could reflect recent separate sexes, appearance genome region so-called turnover event (Vicoso, 2019). Species whose pair has changes which formerly stopped previously established therefore important, because tell us became suppressed after their locus evolved. first case to discovered was Eutherian mammals. earliest enlargement MSY involved fusion Y chromosome, autosome Marsupials (Waters 2001). This around 115 million years ago (Cortez 2014). Further enlargements caused subsequent suppression events produced 'evolutionary strata' wide differences sequence divergence between Y-X different (Figure 1). Based genetic map estimated females (which represents ancestral order added chromosome), recently near still recombines, pseudo-autosomal region, 'PAR' (Lahn & Page, 1999; Skaletsky 2003). In two evolved strata humans, median synonymous site values 14% 26%, almost high rest (Sayres Makova, 2013). Very varied divergence, perhaps reflecting strata, also seen latifolia, carnation family (Bergero 2007; Papadopulos 2015). threespine stickleback, without fusions any autosomes, shows clear Figure 1b (Peichel 2020), been inferred ZW Neognathous (Wang A may always such (Charlesworth, However, cases when (shrinking PAR changing its boundary region) demand explanation. Several hypotheses proposed. One idea sexually antagonistic polymorphisms become (e.g. male-benefit allele would reduce fitness more likely spread if closely linked one same effects autosomal). Should mutation establish polymorphism, this generates selection closer linkage (Rice, 1987). difficult test because, non-recombining stratum evolved, will present only Y-linked making analysis impossible. Although mutations might detectable from expression sexes at (perhaps higher males), degeneration expected eventually old evolutionary strata. Another approach population genomic evidence show associations alleles (Dagilis Qiu signal found partially it does whether future lead recombination. search alternatives explain ask ruled out. As described below, new ideas Testing predictions 2 below) requires studies newly evolving genomes, becoming possible, using combination sequencing mapping. study S. dioica (closely related hybridize nature homologous XY chromosomes), published Journal Evolutionary Biology (Filatov, 2022), examines stratum. Y- X-linked nevertheless ascertained identifying male-specific variants gene sequences, samples males natural populations. allowed analyses mentioned above showed parts establishment factor. Clear step those seen, numbers unknown, species' genomes large human yet assembled. mapping suggest extremely rate PAR, thus differ mammalian PARs, crossover concentrated very (Rouyer 1986). Some but dioica, suggesting (and dioica; Campos 2016). end studied them detail. 22 were both (they had populations), 20 classified species, 15 appear forming young (much younger youngest ones humans above) suitable testing about suppression. (MSY) gradually expand hinders pairing sequences meiosis (Jeffries 2021). MSY-X should increase distance into 2). slight trend stratum, outgroup vulgaris increases so responsible (HKA tests, correct effect, detected elevated diversity suggests regions). Interestingly, sharply latifolia-specific shared change possibly discontinuous 1b. time makes seem unlikely loss expansion across includes least (probably 500 kb, density 34 genes/Mb). stickleback slightly (Ks), 3% 4%, Again Ks older predicted. true papaya, 2012), consistent chromosomal inversion models propose expansions involving chance inversions prevent set MSY. advantage outweigh fertility disadvantages heterozygotes, production gametes duplications deficiencies crossovers occur paired inversions. version (Jay Olito 2022) proposes prevents deleterious homozygous males. effect strongest highly recessive effects. Accumulation arises fixing population, must rapidly replace (initially arrangement). process works best populations, account observations time-course formation. involved, data distinguish previous one—both predict current boundary. Only few examples coinciding boundaries far discovered. inversions, others done (Lemaitre 2009). cases, (10 IV seven V), formation require genes. (involving 16 genes) papaya 2012). Clearly, detailed helpful. rearrangements, accumulate stops (Charlesworth 1994), third model decrease expression, dosage compensation simultaneously alleles' even before major deterioration coding reverting standard arrangement (Lenormand Roze, Female-biased indeed observed assumed decreased alleles, while increased enough restore predicts bias quickly sex-linkage evolves. Because evolves part process, strongly female-biased many older) sexes. appears opposite way increasing reach level (in double males, significant difference which, expected, little bias). (reviewed Bachtrog, 2008). Genes compensated seems incomplete It interesting already begun studied, well ones, percent. Under polymorphism hypothesis outlined above, expect gene(s) often pattern predicted just described), Overall, model, do fit observations. Filatov's larger supports (using HKA differences), variants. Whether conclusions confirmed once assembly becomes available, valuable how integrated increasingly accessible kinds allow empirical tests this, potentially For instance, compared somatic tissues, over-represented among biased 155 47 one, did relationship genes' positions (Kitano peer review history article available https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/jeb.14137. commentary there no data.

Language: Английский

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The genomic architecture of continuous plumage colour variation in the European barn owl ( Tyto alba )

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2014)

Published: Jan. 10, 2024

The maintenance of colour variation in wild populations has long fascinated evolutionary biologists, although most studies have focused on discrete traits exhibiting rather simple inheritance patterns and genetic architectures. However, the study continuous their potentially oligo- or polygenic bases remains rare populations. We studied genetics continuously varying white-to-rufous plumage coloration European barn owl ( Tyto alba ) using a genome-wide association approach whole-genome data 75 individuals. confirmed mutation at melanocortin-1-receptor gene MC1R) is involved identified two new regions, located super-scaffolds 9 42. combination three regions explains (80.37%, 95% credible interval 58.45–100%). One discovered region, sex chromosome, differs between extreme colorations owls sharing specific MC1R genotype. This region may play role dimorphism this species, possibly interaction with autosomal . thus provide insights into architecture variation, pointing to an oligogenic basis potential epistatic effects among loci that should aid future understanding how maintained nature.

Language: Английский

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The roles of gene duplications in the dynamics of evolutionary conflicts

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 291(2024)

Published: June 1, 2024

Evolutionary conflicts occur when there is antagonistic selection between different individuals of the same or species, life stages levels biological organization. Remarkably, can within species genomes. In dynamics evolutionary conflicts, gene duplications play a major role because they bring very specific changes to genome: in protein dose, generation novel paralogues with functions expression patterns evolution small antisense RNAs. As we describe here, by having those effects, duplication might spark conflict fuel arms race that takes place during conflicts. Interestingly, also contribute resolution within-locus partitioning under an trade-off. this review, focus on intraspecific including sexual and illustrate various roles compilation examples. These examples reveal level complexity differences genomes ontologies involved genomic location elements conflict. The provide blueprint for direct study these exploration presence similar other lineages.

Language: Английский

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Evidence for Variation in the Genetic Basis of Sex Determination in Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans)

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT The genetic basis of sex determination is typically conserved within species if not broader lineages. For example, the stickleback family (Gasterosteidae), AmhY has been identified as a master sex‐determination (MSD) gene in multiple across two genera. By contrast, existence within‐species variability frequently observed but provides an opportunity to understand evolution and turnover systems. In this study, we investigated consistency with which involved 610 individuals from five brook ( Culaea inconstans ) populations. We designed PCR‐restriction enzyme assay identify presence each individual recorded sexual morphology field at time capture. found that (presence/absence did match field‐determined phenotypic up 44% population. This variation suggests mechanism likely more complex than thought when was first implicated may still be evolving. Such further investigate how why transitions mechanisms occur.

Language: Английский

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