New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 240(6), P. 2187 - 2190
Published: Oct. 3, 2023
Plastids are a family of organelles that likely originate from the endosymbiosis cyanobacteria (Howe et al., 2008) and exhibit diverse morphologies biochemical capabilities (Fig. 1). The chloroplast is most well-studied plastid type performs photosynthesis in plants algae thus responsible for food production on planet. However, there other important functions performed by plastids, including synthesis storage some carbohydrates, pigment production, fatty acid nitrogen sulphur assimilation. Plants have specialised types carry out these functions, such as starch-storing amyloplasts pigment-producing chromoplasts annual Plastid Preview Meeting took place 1–2 September 2022 Norwich (UK), jointly hosted John Innes Centre University East Anglia. Since 1970s, has showcased cutting-edge research PhD students early career postdoctoral scientists investigating fundamental applied biology. Research presented throughout years not only addressed questions but also areas chlorophyll biosynthesis, starch metabolism, carbon fixation, gene expression transformation. In meeting, it was apparent significant progress being made addressing long-standing with aid technological developments, machine learning, editing cryo-EM approaches to study protein structure, combined ability explore previously untapped biological diversity rapid expansion genome sequences. Three major domains were covered: first concerned 'understanding plastid', probing mechanisms govern second 'optimising plastid' focussed processes could increase productivity resilience cyanobacteria, plants. third 'utilising specifically use plastid-containing organisms biotechnology produce high-value proteins metabolites. Here, we highlight exciting work encompassing three covered at meeting. into processes, biogenesis, expression, import division, required understand how metabolism occur integrated within organelle. Protein prime example process influences many an area active discussion majority proteome encoded nucleus, imported organelle through recognition plastid-localisation signals, translocation membranes delivery appropriate location plastid. This heavily function, recent implicated ubiquitination this (Ling & Jarvis, 2015). Ling al. (2012) discovered cytosolic ubiquitin-mediated degradation pathway regulates components machinery. More recently, been observed broad range Arabidopsis, those involved photosynthesis, oxidative stress metabolic pathways (Sun 2022). opens new about role regulation well its relevance broader species types, crops. We discussed links emerging between division (Fang While nucleus can influence possesses reciprocal signal status back known retrograde signalling. Many aspects communication fully understood, several uncovered, tetrapyrroles reactive oxygen (Chan 2016). accumulate due defect allowing sense chloroplast. sensitive perturbations environmental conditions, makes ideal sentinel general cell status. As such, signalling response both abiotic biotic stresses 2016; Littlejohn 2021). An meeting pathogen infection affect nuclear genes encoding plastid-localised resistance (Corredor-Moreno Uncovering effectors hijack during roles interactions lead novel protect pathogens. Photosynthesis central chloroplasts main source energy cyanobacteria. inefficiencies RuBisCo described detail (Flamholz 2019). It be partly attributed slow evolution enzyme (Bouvier 2022) requirement balance carboxylation rates CO2/O2 specificity. highlighted strategies overcome activity. strategy based harnessing pre-existing RuBisCo. There large variation kinetics phototrophs (Savir 2010) potentially exploited replace native enzymes more efficient versions, if localised CO2 concentrations increased. Extensive modelling shows replacing wheat C4 significantly efficiency uptake (Iqbal 2021), experimentally implementing predictions may validate route increasing photosynthetic efficiency. Furthermore, where reported, particularly nonmodel species. learning becomes increasingly prevalent, employed predict sequences potential improve photosynthesis. via concentrating (CCMs). CCMs biophysical, like algal pyrenoids cyanobacterial carboxysomes, or biochemical, Recent developing mechanistic understanding form function. One breakthrough discovery Chlamydomonas reinhardtii EPYC1, which physically pyrenoid (Mackinder enhanced our assembly opened possibility engineering (Adler Similar transfer carboxysomes follow, benefitting insights structure α-carboxysome (Ni Beyond chloroplasts, manipulated crop quality, carotenoid elaioplasts Specifically, wheat, two distinct granules, A-type small B-type granules. MRC formation granules introduce desirable changes granule size properties milling industries (Chen Further come exploiting intra- interspecies will drive improvements nutritional functional quality similar way Biotechnological using biofactory key theme meetings. provides environment rest producing valuable Much attention fallen algae, especially newly fast-growing Synechococcus sp. PCC 11901 (Włodarczyk 2020), volumes cells cultivated ease smaller space compared numerous examples C. vaccine subunits, antibacterial compounds antibodies (Dyo Purton, 2018). A primary focus techniques cyanobacterial, plant biotechnology. Regulators transgenes great interest, allow robust control easy on/off switching expression. Riboswitches, instance thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitch, solution (Mehrshahi further switches tandem expand existing toolkit. Another targeting heterologous subcompartments, thylakoid lumen. would produced stable stroma (Chin-Fatt Menassa, To ensure biotechnological realised, priority toolkit transformation technologies. includes improved synthetic biology tools, example, MoClo cloning systems compatible across (Vasudevan expect Cas enzymes, beyond Cas9, function adapting base technology plastome editing. additional challenge when multiple plastids per achieving homoplasmy, (Okuzaki 2020). These methods result widespread adoption utilisation biofactories remains guided goal shining light beyond. field – variety studied, differences much natural unexplored technologies continue evolve, adopting combining different fields. Exploiting essential understand, utilise further, no doubt future Previews. thank all presenters attendees 2022, apologise whose here restrictions. possible financial support New Phytologist Foundation, Gatsby Society Experimental Biology, Li-Cor, Algae-UK, Anglia Institute Development Grant. acknowledge funding Foundation (Rotation studentships RM ÁV-C; Chris J. Leaver Fellowship DS), Royal (Research grant RGS/R2/222157 MW) Biotechnology Biological Sciences Council, UK grants BB/S020365/1 DL-S BB/W015935/1 DS; Strategic Programmes BB/X01102X/1 BB/X01097X/1 Centre). ÁV-C contributed equally work.
Language: Английский
