Role of sex in immune response and epigenetic mechanisms

Epigenetics & Chromatin, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Jan. 22, 2024

Abstract The functioning of the human immune system is highly dependent on sex individual, which comes by virtue chromosomes and hormonal differences. Epigenetic mechanisms such as X chromosome inactivation, mosaicism, skewing, dimorphism in genes Y regulatory create a sex-based variance response between males females. This leads to differential susceptibility immune-related disorders like infections, autoimmunity, malignancies. Various naturally available immunomodulators are also target pathways containing genes.

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in the time trends of sepsis biomarkers following polytrauma

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 15(1)

Published: Jan. 18, 2025

Sepsis is a major cause of death in polytrauma patients, with delayed antibiotics increasing mortality. Although biological sex influences immune function and disease outcomes, gender-specific differences inflammatory response sepsis progression remain underexplored. This study examined the time-dependent behavior C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), white blood cell count (WBC) male female patients to evaluate their predictive value for sepsis. Additionally, it compared infection sources between genders. retrospective cohort at University Hospital Zurich included aged ≥ 16 years an Injury Severity Score (ISS) who developed within 31 days admission. Patients were grouped by status gender. Time-dependent markers (CRP, PCT, WBC) analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test binary logistic regression. The Closest Top-Left Threshold Method determined time-specific thresholds. 3059 (26% females, 74% males), median age 43 ISS 27. CRP levels higher cases from 24 h females 48 males, peaking 122.5 mmol/L (females, 4 days) 136.5 (males, h). PCT significant only males 12 h, threshold 1.55 µg/L. WBC became day 3 12.82 counts/µL (males) 13.16 (females) on 10. Pneumonia was most common (70% 65% females). Females had more wound infections (27% vs. 18%, p = 0.042) borderline urinary tract (22% 14%, 0.059). are standard markers, but PCT's varies gender, women may show different kinetics. Gender-specific suggest tailored approaches enhance diagnostic accuracy improve management. Further research needed hormonal genetic responses patients.

Language: Английский

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Perimenopause in women with rheumatologic diseases: a spotlight on an under-addressed transition

Climacteric, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 27(2), P. 115 - 121

Published: Nov. 22, 2023

Abundant research has been published describing the effects invoked during menopause across different organ systems. Changing levels of estrogen and progesterone result in bidirectional alterations immune cell pathways. Overall, net trend dampens immunoregulation promotes inflammation. In paradigmatic rheumatologic diseases, combined effect is far from predictable. While some features may abate menopause, studies have shown a general increased frequency toward disease exacerbation. Similarly, while impossible to isolate ramifications women with fibromyalgia, tendency enhanced symptoms unquestionably apparent. Furthermore, comorbidities accrued by increasing age consequences long-term medication use also confound this picture. Periodic visits are warranted, clinical assessments directed multi-disciplinary approach. Ultimately, an arsenal effective tools available for caring these their underlying conditions, more needed better clarify how stages surrounding perimenopause affect subpopulations rheumatic diseases fibromyalgia-related disorders so that course can be predicted addressed prior emergence symptomatology.

Language: Английский

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Oestrogen influences B cell class-switching in individuals with an XX sex chromosome complement

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 22, 2024

Sex differences in humoral immunity are well-documented, though the mechanisms underpinning these remain ill-defined. Here, we demonstrate that post-pubertal cisgender females have higher levels of class-switched B cells compared to age-matched males. However, whilst sex chromosome-encoded genes characterise most total cell transcriptomes between cisgender-females and -males, only observed post-pubertally. Accordingly, express high oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) known regulate class-switching enriched for ESR2-binding sites. Using a gender-diverse cohort young people, show transgender males (XX chromosomal background), blockade natal reduced frequency cells, gender-affirming oestradiol treatment (XY did not increase cells. These data hormones chromosomes work tandem impact immune responses, with supporting on an XX background.

Language: Английский

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