Natural Resistance to HIV Infection: Role of Immune Activation

Immunity Inflammation and Disease, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 13(2)

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Introduction Although repeated exposure to HIV‐1 can result in infection, some individuals remain seronegative without clinical or serologic evidence of infection; these are known as HIV‐1‐exposed individuals. This population has been extensively studied understand the mechanisms associated with natural resistance HIV infection. Two main hypotheses have proposed explain this resistance: researchers a low activation phenotype characterized by decrease and proliferation immune system cells linked infection control decreased production cytokines pro‐inflammatory molecules, whereas others suggest that is related expression high levels chemokines, antiviral molecules. Aims Our study aims review analyze most relevant supporting role level during Methods A search was conducted via PubMed, SciELO ScienceDirect databases. The literature performed nonsystematic manner. Articles published last five decades addressing were reviewed. Results low‐activation phenotype, frequency Treg cells; reduced CD25, CD38, HLA‐DR; lower peripheral mucosal tissues, plays key reducing number activated susceptible but it minimizes chronic inflammation, facilitating viral entry spread. In contrast, markers such HLA‐DR, along elevated interferon‐stimulated genes cytokines. profile could promote while increasing virus‐susceptible cells. Conclusion complexity response exposure, reflected conflicting concerning whether offers protection against suggests there may be multiple pathways resistance, influenced factors type environment, individual genetics. Further research needed determine which states protective how responses modulated prevent

Language: Английский

HIV-1 controllers exhibit an enhanced antiretroviral innate state characterised by overexpression of p21 and MCPIP1 and silencing of ERVK-6 RNA expression

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 119

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection can activate the expression of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), particularly HERV-K (HML-2). HIV controllers (HICs) are rare people living with (PLWHs) who naturally control HIV-1 replication and overexpress some cellular restriction factors that negatively regulate LTR-driven transcription proviruses.

Language: Английский