A supramodal role of the basal ganglia in memory and motor inhibition: Meta-analytic evidence

Neuropsychologia, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 108, P. 117 - 134

Published: Dec. 2, 2017

The ability to stop actions and thoughts is essential for goal-directed behaviour. Neuroimaging research has revealed that stopping engage similar cortical mechanisms, including the ventro- dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex. However, whether how these abilities require subcortical mechanisms remains unexplored. Specifically of interest are basal ganglia, structures long-known their motor functions, but less so role in cognition. To investigate potential common ganglia underlying action thought stopping, we conducted meta-analyses using fMRI data from Go/No-Go, Stop-signal, Think/No-Think tasks. All three tasks active prepotent or thoughts. localise activations, performed high-resolution manual segmentations striatal subregions. We found all recovered clusters although specific localisation differed. Although Go/No-Go Stop-signal often interchangeably used measuring cluster locations did not significantly overlap. These different localised suggest may recruit distinct processes, therefore should be treated equivalently. More importantly, task largely co-localised with task, possibly indicating share a circuitry involved cancellation unwanted actions. greater similarity Stop-Signal rather than also was echoed at level, which highly overlapping right lateralized set regions anterior DLPFC, VLPFC, Pre-SMA ACC. Overall, provide novel evidence suggesting only critical they subprocesses can engaged by domains. findings raise possibility part supramodal network responsible processes more broadly.

Language: Английский

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Disrupted basal ganglia–thalamocortical loops in focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures

Brain, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 143(1), P. 175 - 190

Published: Dec. 13, 2019

Abstract Focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures are associated with lower quality of life, higher risk seizure-related injuries, increased chance sudden unexpected death, and unfavourable treatment outcomes. Achieving greater understanding their underlying circuitry offers better opportunity control these seizures. Towards this goal, we provide a network science perspective the interactive pathways among basal ganglia, thalamus cortex, explore imprinting secondary seizure generalization on mesoscale brain in temporal lobe epilepsy. Specifically, parameterized functional organization both thalamocortical ganglia–thalamus resting state MRI three groups patients different focal histories. Using participation coefficient describe pattern connections cortical networks, showed that, compared no previous history, those positive histories seizures, including remote (none for >1 year) current (within past histories, presented more uniform distribution patterns ipsilateral medial-dorsal thalamic nuclei. As sign thalamus-mediated cortico-cortical communication, result comports susceptibility from epileptogenic broader networks patients. interregional integration characterize interaction between ganglia thalamus, demonstrated that history putamen globus pallidus internus, decreased latter other two patient groups. Importantly, through series ‘disconnection’ simulations, changes profiles group mainly depended upon direct but not indirect pathway. It is intuitively plausible such disruption striatum-modulated tonic inhibition internus could lead an under-suppressed which turn may account vulnerability generalization. Collectively, findings suggest broken balance synchronization can inform presence effective The mechanistic underpinnings uncover shed light development new strategies

Language: Английский

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Convergence between biological, behavioural and genetic determinants of obesity

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 18(12), P. 731 - 748

Published: Oct. 9, 2017

Language: Английский

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Aerobic-Exercise and resistance-training interventions have been among the least effective ways to improve executive functions of any method tried thus far

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 37, P. 100572 - 100572

Published: June 14, 2018

We appreciate that our colleagues, Hillman et al. (2018), would like to conclude aerobic exercise improves executive functions (EFs).We, too, that.However, the facts thus far indicate interventions (with greater or lesser cognitive and motor skill demands), resistance training, yoga have produced weakest results for improving EFs of any method tried.We refer evidence briefly below discuss how physical activity (in ways researchers largely ignored) may indeed help improve EFs.All this is discussed in depth Diamond Ling press), which systematically reviews 179 studies reported across 193 papers.We mention three important caveats: First, "weakest" does not mean "no" evidence; 44% aerobic-exercise 25% resistance-training found at least suggestive EF benefits.Thus, some demonstrated benefits from these activities.Compare that, however, 79% Cogmed ® 100% taekwondo, t'ai chi, Chinese mind-body practices, Quadrato training (which can all be considered mindfulness practices involving movement) finding (see Table 1 below).Second, focus exclusively on outcomes.We are saying has shown weak domains; we specifically EFs.Ours was never meant a review whole exercise-cognition literature nor fitness, health, neural exercise.Third, benefit EFs.There reasons think it does.We used try prove generally met with disappointing results.As scientists need set record straight.We show almost many criticisms leveled by ( 2018) summary presented (2016) wholly incorrect best misguided.It advance science mischaracterize what said.We acknowledge, two well-taken; apologize those errors.Correcting errors, though, change conclusions. The overwhelming preponderance been successful EFsDiamond part special issue presenting invited addresses Flux International Society Integrative Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Meeting 2014.Both paper, address based, were explicitly brief initial findings systematic press).Diamond press) an especially comprehensive extensive interventions, programs, approaches tried EFs: "Previous focused large EFs, often concentrating only children adults.This looks different methods (including exercise, but also other approaches) ages (not elderly)" (Diamond Ling, To locate review, "we searched PubMed PsycNET publications had keyword, word title abstract, both following sets (Set 1: evaluate, evaluation, intervention, program, randomized control trial, train, training; Set 2: attention (apart Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD]), control, flexibility, EF, inhibition, inhibitory fluid intelligence, mental reasoning, self-control, self-regulation, shifting, task switching, WM)" press).Initially search limited papers published 2014.(That did pick up papers, such as seminal one Kramer (1999), since none terms its title, "Ageing, fitness neurocognitive function," no abstract keyword list, where included might appeared.)Publication expected early 2016.When delayed time (a) investigate references cited criteria still more meeting 11 inclusion (hence

Language: Английский

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Cannabidiol as a Therapeutic Target: Evidence of its Neuroprotective and Neuromodulatory Function in Parkinson’s Disease

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Dec. 15, 2020

The phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. have, since ancient times, been proposed as a pharmacological alternative for treating various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Interestingly, cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are highly expressed in the basal ganglia (BG) circuit both animals and humans. BG subcortical structures that regulate initiation, execution, orientation movement. CBRs dopaminergic transmission nigro-striatal pathway and, thus, also. functioning is affected pathologies related to movement disorders, especially those occurring Parkinson's disease (PD), which produces motor non-motor symptoms involving GABAergic, glutamatergic, neural networks. To date, most effective medication PD levodopa (l-DOPA); however, long-term treatment causes type dyskinesias, l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). With neuromodulation offering novel strategy patients, research has focused on endocannabinoid (ECS), it participates physiological order control have shown inhibit neurotransmitter release, while endocannabinoids (eCBs) play key role synaptic regulation BG. In past decade, cannabidiol (CBD), non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid, compensatory effects ECS neuromodulator neuroprotector models such 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), reserpine, well other models. Although CBD-induced neuroprotection observed animal attributed activation CB1 receptor, recent conducted at molecular level CBD capable activating receptors, CB2 TRPV-1 neurons pathway. These findings open new lines scientific inquiry into communication. Cannabidiol activates PPARγ, GPR55, GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR18 causing variety biochemical, molecular, behavioral due broad range CNS. Given low number alternatives currently available, search molecules with therapeutic potential improve neuronal communication crucial. Therefore, investigation mechanisms involved its function required ascertain whether receptor could be LID.

Language: Английский

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Behavioral Phenotyping and Pathological Indicators of Parkinson's Disease in C. elegans Models

Frontiers in Genetics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: June 13, 2017

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms that progressively worsen age. Pathologically, PD characterized by the aggregation of α-synuclein in cells substantia nigra brain and loss dopaminergic neurons. This pathology associated impaired movement reduced cognitive function. The etiology can be attributed to combination environmental genetic factors. A popular animal model, nematode roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, has been frequently used study role factors molecular behavioral phenotypes PD. current review summarizes cellular markers transgenic toxin-induced models C. elegans.

Language: Английский

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Neural correlates of sparse coding and dimensionality reduction

PLoS Computational Biology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 15(6), P. e1006908 - e1006908

Published: June 27, 2019

Supported by recent computational studies, there is increasing evidence that a wide range of neuronal responses can be understood as an emergent property nonnegative sparse coding (NSC), efficient population scheme based on dimensionality reduction and sparsity constraints. We review NSC might employed sensory areas to efficiently encode external stimulus spaces, some associative conjunctively represent multiple behaviorally relevant variables, possibly the basal ganglia coordinate movement. In addition, provide useful theoretical framework under which understand often complex nonintuitive response properties neurons in other brain areas. Although not apply all (for example, motor or executive function areas) success NSC-based models, especially areas, warrants further investigation for neural correlates regions.

Language: Английский

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Searching for the causal effects of body mass index in over 300 000 participants in UK Biobank, using Mendelian randomization

PLoS Genetics, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 15(2), P. e1007951 - e1007951

Published: Feb. 1, 2019

Mendelian randomization (MR) has been used to estimate the causal effect of body mass index (BMI) on particular traits thought be affected by BMI. However, BMI may also a modifiable, risk factor for outcomes where there is no prior reason suggest that exists. We performed MR phenome-wide association study (MR-pheWAS) search effects in UK Biobank (n = 334 968), using PHESANT open-source phenome scan tool. A subset identified associations were followed up with formal two-stage instrumental variable analysis Biobank, these phenotypes. Of 22 922 tests performed, our MR-pheWAS 587 below stringent P value threshold corresponding 5% estimated false discovery rate. These included many previously effects, instance, an adverse higher diabetes and hypertension. several novel including protective set psychosocial traits, initially preliminary circa 115,000 participants replicated different 223,000 participants. Our comprehensive potential large diverse This both such as feelings nervousness.

Language: Английский

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Antibodies From Children With PANDAS Bind Specifically to Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons and Alter Their Activity

American Journal of Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 178(1), P. 48 - 64

Published: June 16, 2020

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) sometimes appears rapidly, even overnight, often after an infection. autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections, or PANDAS, describes such a situation infection Streptococcus pyogenes. PANDAS may result from induced autoimmunity against brain antigens, although this remains unproven. Pilot work suggests that IgG antibodies children bind to cholinergic interneurons (CINs) in the striatum. CIN deficiency has been independently tics humans and repetitive behavioral pathology mice, making it plausible locus of pathology. The authors sought replicate extend earlier investigate cellular effects on interneurons.Binding specific neurons human mouse slices was evaluated ex vivo incubation serum 27 rigorously characterized both at baseline intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment, 23 matched control subjects. Binding correlated symptom measures. Neural activity assessed using molecular markers electrophysiological recording.IgG bound CINs, but not several other neuron types, more than subjects, three independent cohorts patients. Post-IVIG had reduced binding reduction improvement. Baseline sera decreased striatal parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons, altered their responses, acute slices. IgG-depleted did alter CINs.These findings provide strong evidence for CINs as critical target contribute pathophysiology rapid-onset OCD symptoms, perhaps conditions.

Language: Английский

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Real time and delayed effects of subcortical low intensity focused ultrasound

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: March 17, 2021

Abstract Deep brain nuclei are integral components of large-scale circuits mediating important cognitive and sensorimotor functions. However, because they fall outside the domain conventional non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques, their study has been primarily based on neuropsychological models, limiting ability to fully characterize role develop interventions in cases where damaged. To address this gap, we used emerging technology low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) directly modulate left lateralized basal ganglia structures healthy volunteers. During sonication, observed local distal decreases blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal targeted globus pallidus (GP) cortical networks. We also a generalized decrease relative perfusion throughout cerebrum following sonication. These results show, for first time using functional MRI data, deep-brain LIFU while measuring its global consequences, opening door future applications subcortical LIFU.

Language: Английский

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