Population size and language change: an evolutionary perspective DOI Open Access
Lindell Bromham

Published: Aug. 11, 2024

There is increasing interest in the way that size, composition and environment of populations influence their languages evolve. are two reasons why an exploration population language change from perspective evolutionary biology might be useful. Firstly, some relevant hypotheses rest explicitly or implicitly on theories developed biology, so it important to critically evaluate fit these change. Secondly, methods have been applied evaluating hypotheses. Instead aiming for a comprehensive review interaction between size change, focus this analogies drawn processes biological evolution (e.g. founder effects), may interesting parallels both species complexity small populations), techniques data Wright-Fisher models).

Language: Английский

Genomic Diversity as a Key Conservation Criterion: Proof‐of‐Concept From Mammalian Whole‐Genome Resequencing Data DOI Creative Commons
Jong Yoon Jeon, Andrew N. Black, Erangi J. Heenkenda

et al.

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(9)

Published: Sept. 1, 2024

ABSTRACT Many international, national, state, and local organizations prioritize the ranking of threatened endangered species to help direct conservation efforts. For example, International Union for Conservation Nature (IUCN) assesses Green Status publishes influential Red List species. Unfortunately, such yardsticks do not explicitly consider genetic or genomic diversity (GD), even though GD is positively associated with contemporary evolutionary fitness, individual viability, future potential. To test whether populations genome sequences could improve assessments, we estimated metrics from 82 publicly available mammalian datasets examined their statistical association attributes related conservation. We also considered intrinsic biological factors, including trophic level body mass, that impact quantified relative influences. Our results identify key population are both reflective predictive IUCN categories. Specifically, our analyses revealed Watterson's theta (the mutation rate) autozygosity (a product inbreeding) current categorization, likely because demographic declines lead “listing” decisions reduce levels standing variation. argue by virtue this relationship, like leverage emerging sequence data categorize threat rankings (especially in otherwise data‐deficient species) and/or enhance assessments establish a baseline monitoring. Thus, paper (1) outlines theoretical empirical justification new GD‐based assessment criterion, (2) provides bioinformatic pipeline estimating data, (3) suggests an analytical framework can be used measure while providing quantitative context consideration authorities.

Language: Английский

Citations

5
Mutation rate is central to understanding evolution DOI Open Access
Lindell Bromham

American Journal of Botany, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 111(10)

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Darwinian evolution relies on mutation as a constant source of variation, yet in evolutionary biology, is often taken for granted, pushed to the background and treated if it was random uniform across all genes species. Mutation an essential parameter many models, although regarded "nuisance parameter" rather than focus interest—but fundamental driver evolution. Studying how rates patterns are shaped by chance selection critical understanding biodiversity, has practical consequences way we use DNA understand history. Many analyses—including genomics, population genetics, phylogenetics—make simplifying assumptions about rate, nature these can influence answers get (e.g., Ritchie et al., 2022). rate balancing act, playing out at different levels simultaneously. At biochemical level, single-base changes sequences result from replication errors or imperfectly repaired damage. Cells have impressive arsenal equipment repairing damage correcting errors, but repair must be "paid for" energy time, which could otherwise invested growth reproduction (Avila Lehmann, 2023). Individuals vary efficiency, amount available invest repair, therefore their mutation. On longer timescales, lineage persistence depends finding balance between risk costs error correction repair. Undirected functional typically more likely ruin improve, so expected exact cost terms chances success. If too high, offspring might not reliably inherit parents' advantageous traits, provides generating variations that allow individuals better survive changing environment increased avoiding parasites predators. there little mutation, grinds halt. much runs into ground, scrambling hereditary message passed subsequent generations overwriting adaptations. The relative risks benefits may lineages depend upon environment, shifting when adapt conditions (Weng 2021). beneficial variation destroying key genome functions. This act plays individual lives over time. governed happen they repaired, both among organisms. Considering one universal mutagen—ultraviolet (UV) light—provides useful illustration. UV light double-helix affect base sequence causing two adjacent pyrimidines pair with each other instead pairing bases opposite strand. Pyrimidine dimers effects: firstly, disrupting ruins information coding capacity DNA; secondly, awkward bump helix, block movement enzymes copy transcribe DNA. dimer cannot copied expressed (Banaś 2020). To avoid this disaster, cells range responses damage—from specialist reverse damage, general mismatch excise replace damaged bases, last-ditch "SOS response" uses any means past continue copy. One expect plant grow where radiation high will higher rates, don't (Bromham 2015). Individual plants exposed suffer response, increase investment protection (Ries 2000). An able reproduce populations living exposure evolve avoidance mechanisms Lineages only persist successfully under prevailing conditions. It seems does correlate environmental because level scaled exposure, matching risk. also applies errors. Every cell division generates accumulate mutations grow. Nonlethal growing lines, incorporated reproductive structures clonally reproducing tissue, "somatic" make new individuals, adding genetic (Gross 2012). Accumulation somatic leads within (Schoen Schultz, 2019). Growing branches mutations, number differences tips branch length age (Orr Roots fewer possibly go through divisions (Wang Ramets producing changes, introducing parts colony (Yu process divergence continuous organisation: cell, individual, population, lineage. Copy same extrinsic Accurate copying requires correction, taking time resources reproduction, should scale avoidance. Investment dependent condition, stress (Quiroz Male female gametes mutational profiles, transmitted pollen ovules—a pattern explained greater paternal line, mutagens like (Whittle Johnston, 2002). Replication evidence per "disposable" such petals, compared lines longer-lived give rise tissue Longer-lived reduced due meristem (Burian, Rate accumulation (opportunity mutation) (investment avoidance) play levels. influences strategies, driving incompatibility individuals. Mutations occurring along long-lived lead fitness plant, deleterious (Cruzan 2022), types (López-Cortegano occur vegetative short-lived plants—for example, phenotypically noticeable buttercups increases meadow, percentage nonviable (Warren, 2009). drive clonal generate genetically varying vegetatively Somatic supply reducing sexual locking short-term advantages asexual expense longer-term reduces compatibility ultimately noninterbreeding (Lesaffre, 2021), flowing macroevolutionary diversification (Marie-Orleach 2024). Plant families species rich, driven How varies passively increasing divisions) actively lived taxa). distribution effects (DFE) tempo mode change larger fraction subject positive selection). consistent signature size association fixation nearly neutral smaller populations, probability adaptive substitutions populations). Whether flow genomic level. With thanks Marcel Cardillo, Alex Skeels, anonymous referees read manuscript provide helpful feedback.

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Population Size and Language Change: An Evolutionary Perspective DOI
Lindell Bromham

Annual Review of Linguistics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Oct. 30, 2024

There is increasing interest in the way that size, composition, and environment of populations influence their languages evolve. are two reasons why an exploration population language change from perspective evolutionary biology might be useful. First, some relevant hypotheses rest explicitly or implicitly on theories developed biology, so it important to critically evaluate fit these change. Second, methods have been applied evaluating hypotheses. Instead aiming for a comprehensive review interaction between size change, focus this analogies drawn processes biological evolution (e.g., founder effects), may interesting parallels both species complexity small populations), techniques data Wright-Fisher models).

Language: Английский

Citations

1
Population size and language change: an evolutionary perspective DOI Open Access
Lindell Bromham

Published: Aug. 11, 2024

There is increasing interest in the way that size, composition and environment of populations influence their languages evolve. are two reasons why an exploration population language change from perspective evolutionary biology might be useful. Firstly, some relevant hypotheses rest explicitly or implicitly on theories developed biology, so it important to critically evaluate fit these change. Secondly, methods have been applied evaluating hypotheses. Instead aiming for a comprehensive review interaction between size change, focus this analogies drawn processes biological evolution (e.g. founder effects), may interesting parallels both species complexity small populations), techniques data Wright-Fisher models).

Language: Английский

Citations

0