Biodiversity promotes ecosystem functioning despite environmental change

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 555 - 569

Published: Dec. 2, 2021

Abstract Three decades of research have demonstrated that biodiversity can promote the functioning ecosystems. Yet, it is unclear whether positive effects on ecosystem will persist under various types global environmental change drivers. We conducted a meta‐analysis 46 factorial experiments manipulating both species richness and environment to test how drivers (i.e. warming, drought, nutrient addition or CO 2 enrichment) modulated effect multiple functions across three taxonomic groups (microbes, phytoplankton plants). found increased in ambient manipulated environments, but often not same degree. In particular, were larger stressful environments induced by drivers, indicating high‐diversity communities more resistant change. Using subset studies, we also mainly driven interspecific complementarity these over time environments. Our findings support conservation as key strategy for sustainable management face

Language: Английский

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Patterns and drivers of biodiversity–stability relationships under climate extremes

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 106(3), P. 890 - 902

Published: Nov. 28, 2017

Abstract Interactions between biodiversity loss and climate change present significant challenges for research, policy management of ecosystems. Evidence suggests that high species diversity tends to increase plant community stability under interannual fluctuations mild dry wet events, but the overall pattern diversity–stability relationships extremes is unclear. We comprehensively review results from observational experimental studies assess importance effects ecosystem function extremes. Both broad literature a meta‐analysis focused on extreme precipitation events above‐ground biomass reveal no interaction richness Causes variation in are explored, stress thresholds biotic interactions assembly, we consider how these may modulate outcomes biodiversity–stability relationships. also examine specific characteristics timing measurements interact with mechanisms Synthesis . Hypotheses tailored complexity effects, implementation standardised experiments use trait‐based measures rather than should lead better causal understanding whether protect ecosystems adverse

Language: Английский

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Assisted migration within species range ignores biotic interactions and lacks evidence

Restoration Ecology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 25(1), P. 14 - 18

Published: Oct. 11, 2016

Abstract In the context of climate change, many plant species may have problems adapting or dispersing rapidly enough to keep pace with changing environmental conditions. Given these potential problems, some experts argue against using local ecotypes for ecosystem restoration. Instead, they propose use foreign that are adapted predicted in an approach called assisted migration within range predictive provenancing. I such actions cause a mismatch biotic interactions and negative effects on other organisms. As such, should only be considered cases when would fail ensure services. fact, there is little experimental evidence so far, what does not seem support its use. Even altered climates, mostly performed equally well better than ones selected their adaptations climates. The reason even if adaptation plays role, this factor overridden by drivers adaptation, as soil interactions. Despite being popular concept repeatedly commended scientific literature propagated among practitioners, it universal tool improve restoration outcomes during change. lack hard data, call large‐scale multispecies studies will provide necessary derive general guidelines recommendations management ecosystems

Language: Английский

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Facilitation in communities: underlying mechanisms, community and ecosystem implications

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 3 - 9

Published: Jan. 1, 2016

Facilitation (positive interactions among organisms) in communities has been the subject of increasing interest for community ecologists since mid-nineties (Fig. 1), although this is a pioneer core concept theory, proposed 100 years before issue by Clements (1916), as main driving biotic mechanism plant succession. However, it was neglected most decades due to overwhelming popularity at that time individualistic (Gleason 1926; Whittaker 1956) and competition theories (Grime 1974; Tilman 1982). Until mid-nineties, far studied interaction, particular (see Fig. 1: more than 90% studies published concerned only competition). evidence facilitation experiments conducted severe conditions from marine intertidal terrestrial environments, Bertness & Callaway (1994) conceptual model where switches with environmental severity. Since then, during following two decades, never ceased increase currently 76% concerns During first half period emergence an important research area, number evidenced multiple ecosystem implications (Callaway 1995, 1997, 1998; Pugnaire, Haase Puigdefábregas 1996; Walker 1997; Hacker Gaines Holmgren, Scheffer Huston Brooker Callaghan Stachowicz 2001; Bruno, 2003; Lortie et al. 2004; Armas Pugnaire 2005; 2006; Padilla 2006), many empirical focused on experimental test (e.g. Luque 2002; but see 2007 2008 reviews). became well-established phenomenon. strong controversy questioned 2005 importance dry environments and, thus, validity Stress Gradient Hypothesis (Maestre, Valladares Reynolds Michalet 2006, 2007; Maestre 2009; Armas, Rodríguez-Echeverría 2011). This followed publication other alternative models SGH, proposing collapse extremely stressful (Michalet 2014a; Xiao Holmgren 2010; Verwijmeren 2013; Le Bagousse-Pinguet 2014a). At refinement, European Science Foundation meeting held Arcachon (France) conclusions which were collected highly cited (Brooker 2008; 1). (2008) also highlighted several key issues developing future basis BES symposium organized 2009 Aberdeen subsequent special Journal Ecology The goal open new directions, actively develop links fields would profit, such evolutionary ecology, restoration ecology sciences. field moved incredibly fast There have novel recent advances, assessment consequences 2011; Thorpe Butterfield 2013), feedback effects between facilitator facilitated species Schöb 2014a,b,c), functional Schöb, 2012; 2013) or below-ground organisms Hortal 2013). Several meta-analyses theoretical further analysed relevance SGH contrasting results (He, Altieri He 2014; 2014a,b; Soliveres Soliveres, Smit 2015; 2015). Pakeman (2009) asked after symposium, we believe will soon reach kind maturity, beyond confrontations simple picture greater (Semchenko 2016). As Grime-Tilman debate eighties early nineties, are now aware no single may explain occurrence disappearance along gradients. Nature much complex our models, rather keep deepen knowledge mechanisms their implications. Special Feature go back basics facilitation, trying review (papers 1–4), structure 5–8) functions services 9 10). complements journal 2013 (Robinson, Trinder authors represent large panel specialists positive ecological communities, extend group researchers. preparation Issue closely aligned Baeza (Spain) September 2014, acknowledge all participants helpful comments certainly improved quality Feature. (2016) address one contentious debates surrounding stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), relationship water limitation facilitation. mentioned above, topic hotly debated 2005. take here close look role soil moisture mediating plant–plant interactions. By assessing climate texture process using empirically parameterized model, simulated dynamics beneath shrubs gaps data 1000 sites Western United States. They found difference under decreased aridity when long-term average considered, contrary expectations based SGH. extreme shrub greatest intermediate points spatial gradient, consistent hump-backed 2010). These suggest predictable, highlight accounting temporal heterogeneity determining plant–soil relationships. Rather focusing predictions, be beneficial explicitly incorporate into predictive interaction outcome drylands. In related paper, Metz Tielbörger modifying impact change communities. magnitude even direction response changes – gradients remains debated, especially limited ecosystems. Unfortunately, mechanistic manipulations rare compared correlative approaches infer patterns observations climatic gradients, predictions these range aridification. argue methodology used greatly affect outcome. use unique combined large-scale, whether about yield similar manipulations, variation. assessed shrub–annual three different 27 natural rainfall (spatial) varying (temporal) 8 wet ambient (experimental) mimicked regional scenarios. differed approaches. Experimental hardly altered annual Along shifted clearly negative mildly facilitative towards drier sites, whereas variations showed opposite trend: years. Based approach, conclude shrub-annual remain unaltered climates. conclusion contrasts suggestion made space-for-time should change. Long-term appear critical evaluating impacts. misleading, overestimating Despite growing microbiota fitness dynamics, little explored date. Rodríguez-Echeverría, Lozano Bardgett synthesize scant available effect nurse plants abundance, composition activity microbial addressing nurses beneficiary species. Evidence suggests promote larger, differentiated high activity, dominance competitive bacteria larger mycorrhizal networks, adjacent soils without nurses. Such establishment, growth through variety mechanisms, including increased nutrient availability, stabilization niche complementarity, direct molecular signalling microbes defence Although mounting, there still few draw general conclusions. its infancy, needed understand precise they influence plants. date primarily plants, often neglecting extended cascade networks. Lortie, Filazolla Sotomayor propose framework explores roles interacting species, quantitatively summarize current state examining A examined animals benefactor-subordinate association. Selecting 36 documented interactions, generated total 53 independent instances either shrub–plant–animal shrub–animal–plant split indirect animals. Hypotheses frequently tested included seed trapping, herbivore protection, magnet pollination facilitation-mediated secondary dispersal. common protection herbivory, animal associated plant-facilitation complexes consumer. multitrophic, integrated sets incorporating advancing management high-stress ecosystems wherein commonly reported. set papers focuses diversity ranging alpine arctic general. best known (Hacker Lázaro 2000; Cavieres Badano 2009). patch level, comparing within patches vs. away them areas, 2014). Issue, literature dominated cushion forms, show community-level cases some systems dominant measured level. Indeed, if add present areas high-stress- disturbance-intolerance, whole (cushions + areas) presence Additionally, stronger impoverished local diversity, suggesting acts insurance policy harsh environments. study highlights scale studies, patchy ecosystems, very frequent arid Tewksbury Lloyd 2001). another Bräthen contribution depending height tundra. Across wide biomass (11–800 g m−2), both stressed relatively benign conditions, observed Norway humped-back richness/biomass theory 1973; Fraser Increasing significantly richness showing canopies occurs conditions. result because contribute shaping curve not absent weak 2006). expected mediated changing neighbour gradient. words, tallest neighbours mid-sized mid-position Finally, become too short any (Le 2014b). comparisons needed, interesting might ubiquitous originally thought argued McIntire Fajardo (2014). physical induced can dependent could overwhelm Levine 1999; 2015a,b). Building facilitation-expanded (2003), Bulleri explore particular, broadening niches potential overlap competitors, net diversity. realized depend trade-off fundamental expansion competitors predators determine intensity assess niche-broadening responses Facilitated benefactors. Feedback poorly addressed (but 1996), call (Bronstein 2009), 2014a,b,c). Most effects. Using base (2013), (2014) (2014a,b), additional survey north-western China, grasses higher forbs legumes. strength grass mesic sites. ideas (sensu 2016) legumes All network selective pressures ultimately eco-evolutionary stability (Bascompte, Jordano Olesen Whitham Bronstein Kéfi, focus stable states level organisms, connection rarely gap, asking lead states, hence stage catastrophic transitions tipping getting clearer understanding species-level ecosystem-level shifts investigating networks abiotic environment, merging Therefore, need integration decade (2003). better essential smart (and prevention shifts) (the trigger loops). Knowledge final paper emerging problem derived agricultural intensification, reductions farmland biodiversity. Ecological applied agriculture enable biodiversity conservation farmlands whilst pressing food security. Obvious examples intercropping systems, combinations crop circumstances allow reduced inputs agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) per unit yield, knock-on benefits conservation. Other processes play Increased genetic help protect crops pests diseases. overlooked research, involved operate analogous manner associational against herbivores, well recognized literature. intercropping, nature arise pesticide harvested crop. Our arising work lessons semi-natural easy identify quantify non-crop deserve consideration. emphasize deliver sustainable practices. being fully comprehensive overview numerous underlying relevant topics are, example, phylogenetic hot Al Hayek provides science. sheds light variation historically dominated, sometimes excessively, For modelling comparative incredible complexity dependency types data. section revealed aspects relation trophic levels, micro-organisms two-first second (community implications) ubiquity types. contrast, last fitness, how crucial improving sustainability efficiency greener world. Twenty modern shows vitality potential. We amplify likely relationships diversities deserves 2015c). New efforts invested analyses. improve change, infancy Anthelme, Dangles thank International University Andalucia (UNIA) hosting partly funding 2014 workshop Baeza, Spain, discussed. grateful vivid discussions, helped papers. Ken Thompson David Robinson manuscript.

Language: Английский

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Experimental and observational studies find contrasting responses of soil nutrients to climate change

eLife, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 6

Published: June 1, 2017

Manipulative experiments and observations along environmental gradients, the two most common approaches to evaluate impacts of climate change on nutrient cycling, are generally assumed produce similar results, but this assumption has rarely been tested. We did so by conducting a meta-analysis found that soil nutrients responded differentially drivers depending approach considered. Soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus concentrations decreased with water addition in manipulative increased annual precipitation gradients. Different patterns were also observed between warming temperature Our findings provide evidence inconsistent results suggest may be better predictors causal short-term (months years) gradients information for long-term correlations (centuries millennia) these climatic features. Ecosystem models should consequently incorporate both experimental observational data properly assess cycling.

Language: Английский

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Time lag between glacial retreat and upward migration alters tropical alpine communities

Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 30, P. 89 - 102

Published: June 14, 2017

Language: Английский

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A synthesis of local adaptation to climate through reciprocal common gardens

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 110(5), P. 1015 - 1021

Published: April 3, 2021

Abstract Contrasts of differences within plant species and ecotypes are often best examined in ecology, evolution genetics through provenance biogeographical comparisons. Climate adaptation studies plants no exception benefit from experiments that use these sets factors. Reciprocal common gardens a tool used to test for local different contexts including climate. A synthesis intraspecific tests climate was compile over 200 explored the relative efficacy this ecology change. Exclusion criteria were applied review literature specific explicitly climate, reciprocity total 70 independent instances. meta‐analysis consistency significance detecting categories traits tested by transplanting seeds or seedlings. This provides clear evidence change because all significant effect size estimates positive, relatively large, both seed seedling transplants demonstrated consistent adaptation. Emergence germination responses transplant growth biomass provided particularly strong support. Synthesis . highly effective experimental design ecotypic differentiation Nonetheless, we propose future clearly define whether being garden enable syntheses discovery, highlight need reciprocal climatic continued capacity response divergent selection processes many species.

Language: Английский

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Morphological and ecological responses of a managed coastal sand dune to experimental notches

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 782, P. 146813 - 146813

Published: April 5, 2021

In northern Europe, coastal dune remobilization by restoring natural processes is considered some to maintain the in chronically eroding sectors migrating landward and restore ecology. wet climatic contexts, this nature-based solution has been shown induce an increase both sand bare areas vegetation diversity. However, it never tested dunes of southern Europe with a drier climate and, thus, more stressful conditions, where disturbance may inversely decrease An original experiment was set up 2018 on 4-km stretch southwest France Experimental Notches (EN) were excavated incipient foredune, referred as West Notch (WEN), established East (EEN). Morphological ecological responses monitored using UAV photogrammetry sampling along transects during two years contrasted winter storm conditions. During first characterized calm wind rapid filling WENs initiation deposition lobes EENs observed. Stronger winds second led development EENs, increasing their volume, 6 times, cross-shore elongation. The induced notches had significant impact vegetation. New sandy bares colonized pioneer species leading richness rejuvenation, particular EENs. Although longer-term monitoring required draw conclusions, these results suggest that excavation foredune are able re-establish ecomorphological dynamic time scales years, promoting transport translation, while not threatening Such approach become relevant adaptation strategy sea level rise increased erosion region world.

Language: Английский

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Responses of Coastal Ecosystems to Climate Change: Insights from Long-Term Ecological Research

BioScience, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 72(9), P. 871 - 888

Published: Feb. 5, 2022

abstract Coastal ecosystems play a disproportionately large role in society, and climate change is altering their ecological structure function, as well highly valued goods services. In the present article, we review results from decade-scale research on coastal shaped by foundation species (e.g., coral reefs, kelp forests, marshes, seagrass meadows, mangrove barrier islands) to show how attributes We demonstrate value of site-based, long-term studies for quantifying resilience systems forcing, identifying thresholds that cause shifts state, investigating capacity adapt biological mechanisms underlie it. draw extensively conducted at studied US Long Term Ecological Research Network, where long-term, spatially extensive observational data are coupled with shorter-term mechanistic understand consequences change.

Language: Английский

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Large‐scale facilitative effects for a single nurse shrub: Impact of the rainfall gradient, plant community and distribution across a geographical barrier

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 112(2), P. 233 - 245

Published: Jan. 8, 2024

Abstract Importance of nurse plants structuring plant communities is well‐appreciated at local scales, yet the effect a single on large scales has been neglected in analyses. So far, studies only use environmental gradients within one type ecosystem and tend to generalize effects. To assess how species modulated by different settings, interactions between shrub Vachellia caven surrounding were evaluated 481 paired plots (outside vs. underneath crown), 39 sites across two distribution ranges, Mediterranean west mostly subtropical east Andes Mountains (covering ca. 2 × 10 6 km ). Cover, abundance richness perennial outside V. used as response variables estimate an index indicative (relative interaction [RII]) tested this was affected rainfall gradient range. Overall, RII responses had low conditional R (~0.25) scale analysis, but significantly ranges: followed quadratic trend western range, while relationship positive close linear eastern Then, projecting models (i.e. for abundance, cover richness) spatially through consensus map, we show that most effects are geographically found dissimilar areas: central part Chile (western range) Paraná River (eastern range). When fine‐scale predictors annual herbs' height, herbivores' faeces cover) model each variable plot level (underneath or ), observed similar trends when considered large‐scale predictors. Synthesis . Here, same neighbouring can be very depending ranges distribution, stressing its ecological function cannot generalized not depends factors also context‐dependent.

Language: Английский

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