Land use-induced spillover: a call to action to safeguard environmental, animal, and human health

The Lancet Planetary Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(4), P. e237 - e245

Published: March 7, 2021

The rapid global spread and human health impacts of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, show humanity's vulnerability to zoonotic disease pandemics. Although anthropogenic land use change is known be major driver pathogen spillover from wildlife populations, scientific underpinnings use-induced have rarely been investigated landscape perspective. We call for interdisciplinary collaborations advance knowledge on implications emergence with a view toward informing decisions needed protect health. In particular, we urge mechanistic focus infect–shed–spill–spread cascade enable protection immunity—the ecological conditions reduce risk reservoir hosts—as conservation biosecurity priority. Results are urgently formulate an integrated, holistic set science-based policy management measures effectively cost-efficiently minimise risk. consider opportunities better institute necessary collaboration, address primary technical challenges, issues warrant particular attention security local scales.

Language: Английский

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Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention

Genetics and Molecular Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 44(1 suppl 1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called "zoonotic spillover". Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates spillover has a fundamental role the emergence new diseases. Understanding factors facilitate essential establish strategies focused on reduction frequency events. In this context, article describes basic aspects zoonotic and main involved events, considering inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, specific characteristics pathogens, animals, humans. As an example, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic discussed, indicating what can be learned public health emergency, applied Brazilian scenario. Finally, discusses actions prevent or reduce

Language: Английский

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Pathogens and planetary change

Published: Jan. 15, 2025

Emerging infectious diseases, biodiversity loss, and anthropogenic environmental change are interconnected crises with massive social ecological costs. In this Review, we discuss how pathogens parasites responding to global change, the implications for pandemic prevention conservation. Ecological evolutionary principles help explain why both pandemics wildlife die-offs becoming more common; land-use loss often followed by an increase in zoonotic vector-borne diseases; some species, such as bats, host so many emerging pathogens. To prevent next pandemic, scientists should focus on monitoring limiting spread of a handful high-risk viruses, especially at key interfaces farms live-animal markets. But address much broader set disease risks associated Anthropocene, decision-makers will need develop comprehensive strategies that include pathogen surveillance across species ecosystems; conservation-based interventions reduce human–animal contact protect health; health system strengthening; improvements epidemic preparedness response. Scientists can contribute these efforts filling gaps data, expanding evidence base disease–driver relationships interventions. This Review explores relationship between diseases connected changes Anthropocene.

Language: Английский

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Towards a ‘people and nature’ paradigm for biodiversity and infectious disease

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 380(1917)

Published: Jan. 9, 2025

Zoonotic and vector-borne infectious diseases are among the most direct human health consequences of biodiversity change. The COVID-19 pandemic increased policymakers’ attention on links between ecological degradation disease, sparked discussions around nature-based interventions to mitigate zoonotic emergence epidemics. Yet, although disease ecology provides an increasingly granular knowledge wildlife in changing ecosystems, we still have a poor understanding net for disease. Here, argue that renewed focus wildlife-borne as complex socio-ecological systems—a ‘people nature’ paradigm—is needed identify local transformative system-wide changes could reduce burden. We discuss longstanding scientific narratives involvement systems, which largely framed people disruptors, three emerging research areas provide wider system perspectives: how anthropogenic ecosystems construct new niches feedbacks social vulnerability role human-to-animal pathogen transmission (‘spillback’) systems. conclude by discussing opportunities better understand predictability outcomes from change integrate drivers into intervention design evaluation. This article is part discussion meeting issue ‘Bending curve towards nature recovery: building Georgina Mace's legacy biodiverse future’.

Language: Английский

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Macroimmunology: The drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defence

Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 89(4), P. 972 - 995

Published: Dec. 19, 2019

Abstract The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space is a key determinant infection risk humans, domestic animals threatened wildlife. Because the immune system serves as primary barrier to infection, replication transmission following exposure, we here consider environmental drivers immunity. Spatial variation parasite pressure, abiotic biotic conditions, anthropogenic factors can all shape immunity spatial scales. Identifying most important could help pre‐empt infectious disease risks, especially context how large‐scale such urbanization affect defence by changing conditions. We provide synthesis apply macroecological approaches study ecoimmunology (i.e. macroimmunology). first review that generate defence, highlighting need for studies differentiate competing predictors detailing contexts where this approach might be favoured over small‐scale experimental studies. next conduct systematic literature assess frequency classify them according taxa, measures, extent, statistical methods. 210 sampling multiple host populations. show whereas are relatively common, generally low unlikely sufficient or power hypotheses. also highlight biases macroimmunology, few characterize account dependence statistically, potentially affecting inferences relationships between conditions defence. use these findings describe tools from geostatistics modelling improve inference about associations immunological variation. In particular, emphasize exploratory guide greater mixed‐effects models variability while allowing researchers both individual‐ habitat‐level covariates. finally discuss future research priorities including focusing on latitudinal gradients, range expansions being amenable approaches. Methodologically, critical opportunities posed assessing tolerance, using metagenomics quantify coupling field with experiments longitudinal approaches, applying macroecology meta‐analysis identify generalizable patterns. Such work will facilitate scaling insights predict change may alter risk.

Language: Английский

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Unifying spatial and social network analysis in disease ecology

Journal of Animal Ecology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 90(1), P. 45 - 61

Published: Sept. 28, 2020

Abstract Social network analysis has achieved remarkable popularity in disease ecology, and is sometimes carried out without investigating spatial heterogeneity. Many investigations into sociality may nevertheless be subject to cryptic variation, so ignoring processes can limit inference regarding dynamics. Disease analyses gain breadth, power reliability from incorporating both social behavioural data. However, the tools for collecting analysing these data simultaneously complex unintuitive, it often unclear when variation must accounted for. These difficulties contribute scarcity of simultaneous spatial‐social ecology thus far. Here, we detail scenarios that benefit analysis. We describe procedures collection data, outline statistical approaches control estimate covariance analyses. hope researchers will expand more include components questions. measures increase scope such analyses, allowing accurate model estimates, better transmission modes, susceptibility effects contact scaling patterns, ultimately effective interventions.

Language: Английский

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Evolutionary Parasitology

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 15, 2021

Abstract Parasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure microbiota, entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, world would look very different. The book gives an overview over parasite groups diversity defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles evolutionary biology ecology analyse major elements host–parasite interactions, virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, many other aspects. Genetics always key these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host parasites. Similarly, spread infectious disease epidemiology combines with molecular data genomics. Furthermore, parasites evolved ways to overcome manipulate hosts. Hosts therefore, continuously co-evolve, changes sometimes occurring rapidly, requiring geological times. Many humans emerged from a zoonotic origin, processes governed by basic principles discussed different sections. this integrates fields study phenomena. It summarizes essential topics parasitology will be useful broad audience.

Language: Английский

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Human-mediated impacts on biodiversity and the consequences for zoonotic disease spillover

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 31(19), P. R1342 - R1361

Published: Oct. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Post COVID‐19: a solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 96(6), P. 2694 - 2715

Published: July 7, 2021

ABSTRACT The crisis generated by the emergence and pandemic spread of COVID‐19 has thrown into global spotlight dangers associated with novel diseases, as well key role animals, especially wild potential sources pathogens to humans. There is a widespread demand for new relationship domestic including suggested bans on hunting, wildlife trade, wet markets or consumption animals. However, such policies risk ignoring essential elements problem alienating increasing hardship local communities across world, might be unachievable at scale. thus need more complex package policy practical responses. We undertook solution scan identify collate 161 possible options reducing risks further epidemic disease transmission from animals humans, SARS‐CoV‐2 (original variants). include all categories in our responses (i.e. wildlife, captive, unmanaged/feral livestock pets) focus (especially viruses) that, once transmitted could acquire through high rates human‐to‐human transmission. This excludes measures prevent well‐known zoonotic rabies, that cannot readily transmit between focused solutions societal measures, excluding development vaccines other preventive therapeutic medicine veterinary are discussed elsewhere. derived reading scientific literature, NGO position papers, industry guidelines, collating own experiences, consulting experts different fields. Herein, we review major pathways present an extensive list options. organised according stages trade chain encompass can applied local, regional international scales. set targeted practitioners makers encourage careful examination courses action, validating their impact documenting outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Urban-adapted mammal species have more known pathogens

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(6), P. 794 - 801

Published: May 2, 2022

Language: Английский

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