Forest disturbances under climate change

Nature Climate Change, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 7(6), P. 395 - 402

Published: May 31, 2017

Language: Английский

---

Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience

Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 14(7), P. 369 - 378

Published: Sept. 1, 2016

Ecological memory is central to how ecosystems respond disturbance and maintained by two types of legacies – information material. Species life‐history traits represent an adaptive response are legacy; in contrast, the abiotic biotic structures (such as seeds or nutrients) produced single events material legacies. Disturbance characteristics that support maintain these enhance ecological resilience a “safe operating space” for ecosystem recovery. However, can be lost diminished regimes environmental conditions change, generating “resilience debt” manifests only after system disturbed. Strong effects on post‐disturbance dynamics imply contingencies (effects cannot predicted with certainty) individual disturbances, interactions among climate variability combine affect resilience. We illustrate concepts introduce novel framework examples forest primarily from North America. Identifying particular help scientists resource managers anticipate when disturbances may trigger abrupt shifts ecosystems, forests likely resilient.

Language: Английский

---

Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 114(18), P. 4582 - 4590

Published: April 17, 2017

Wildfires across western North America have increased in number and size over the past three decades, this trend will continue response to further warming. As a consequence, wildland–urban interface is projected experience substantially higher risk of climate-driven fires coming decades. Although many plants, animals, ecosystem services benefit from fire, it unknown how ecosystems respond burning Policy management focused primarily on specified resilience approaches aimed at resistance wildfire restoration areas burned by through fire suppression fuels management. These strategies are inadequate address new era wildfires. In contrast, policies that promote adaptive wildfire, which people adjust reorganize changing regimes reduce future vulnerability, needed. Key aspects an approach ( i ) recognizing reduction cannot alter regional trends; ii targeting increase adaptation some residential communities more frequent fire; iii actively managing wild prescribed with range severities; iv incentivizing planning development withstand inevitable wildfire. represent shift policy restoring based historical baselines adapting unsustainable defense developing fire-adapted communities. We propose accepts as catalyst change promotes responses warming

Language: Английский

---

Biodiversity and ecosystem services in forest ecosystems: a research agenda for applied forest ecology

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 54(1), P. 12 - 27

Published: May 9, 2016

Summary Given the substantial contributions of forest biodiversity and ecosystem services to society, sciences have a large potential contribute integrity sustainability our future. This is especially true when roles for sustaining are considered. The rapid expansion sustainable management ( SFM ) has resulted in adoption various frameworks intended safeguard biodiversity. Concurrently, importance been increasingly recognized. Although some initiatives aimed at conserving both emerging, knowledge gaps still exist about their relationships trade‐offs forests. recent advancements, increasing opportunities lags ecology, further research on biodiversity, functions will play development practices. Here, we identified key issues including (i) between function as foundation ecological integrity, (ii) resilience thinking better prepare adapt environmental changes, (iii) social–ecological perspectives that facilitate real‐world conservation (iv) theory‐driven restoration bridges science practice. Thus, illustrate priorities future possibilities applied ecology studies forests, which help society ecosystems build capacity face uncertainty changing environment. Synthesis applications . Under human influences, forests highly likely be largely altered, potentially leading emergence novel or alternative stable states. Management thus needs more flexible, measures address significant this generates. Resilience‐based approaches important respond adaptively changes cope with surprises, providing multiple options. challenges exist, theory should an role managing, restoring ecosystems. discussed here receive attention context goals management.

Language: Английский

---

Towards a Comparable Quantification of Resilience

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 33(4), P. 251 - 259

Published: Feb. 21, 2018

Language: Английский

---

Quantifying resilience

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 53(3), P. 617 - 624

Published: May 13, 2016

The biosphere is under unprecedented pressure, reflected in rapid changes our global ecological, social, technological and economic systems. In many cases, ecological social systems can adapt to these over time, but when a critical threshold surpassed, system stress undergo catastrophic change reorganize into different state. concept of resilience, introduced more than 40 years ago the sciences, captures behaviour that occur alternative states. original definition resilience forwarded by Holling (1973) still most useful. It defines as amount disturbance withstand before it shifts an stable idea states has clear profound implications for management. Coral reefs, example, are high-diversity provide key ecosystem services such fisheries coastal protection. Human impacts causing significant, ongoing reef degradation, reefs have shifted from coral- algal-dominated response anthropogenic pressures elevated water temperatures overfishing. Understanding differentiating between factors help maintain coral-dominated vs. those facilitate shift undesired state step towards sound management conservation these, other, important social–ecological Resilience gained popularity among both academicians laypeople, term meant describe systems' ability disturbance. become buzzword last decade, shown its increasing appearance calls research proposals scientific citation data bases. cases lost clarity fact frequently used manner direct opposition definition. Many current uses loose incorrect. becoming increasingly normative sense (Brand & Jax 2007), if were desirable quality However, even highly undesirable states, macro-algae dominated or city cores poverty traps, may be resilient, which say they attempts transform them (desirable) Operationalizing application been difficult. Misuse significant negative impacts, because being guide responses natural disasters assess sustainability ecosystems urban driving international priorities. argued basic emergent property systems, process rate. We focus on described Holling, property; managers wish enhance erode foster transformation Fostering eroding process. When perturbed not exceeded, then recovery measured Several frameworks operationalize proposed. A decade ago, special feature focused quantifying was published journal Ecosystems (Carpenter, Westley Turner 2005). approach there identifying surrogates few papers proposed quantifiable metrics. Consequently, remain vague difficult quantify, problem this aims address. considerable progress made during (e.g. Pope, Allen Angeler 2014). Although some argue best kept unquantifiable, (Quinlan et al. 2016), useful managers, must concrete guidance regarding how what manage measure success (Garmestani, Benson 2013; Spears 2015). Ideas 'resilience thinking' utility helping stakeholders conceptualize their little make management, other suggesting ambiguous, Goldilocks just right diverse, too diverse; connected, connected). Here, we clarify prominent terms concepts, introduce synthesize identify core unanswered questions related resilience. To quantification necessary common vocabulary. Prior introducing broad approaches developed quantify discussing contributions feature, definitions commonly science theory. Ecological needed one set processes structures (Holling 1973). complex recognizes operate multiple basins attraction. From human perspective, crucial implies predictable, although variable, delivery expected services. dynamics achieving sustainable interactions with supporting ecosystems. An high requires substantial energy transition state, whereas low would relatively small energy. systemic phenomenon through assessment mutually non-exclusive attributes, including scales, feedbacks thresholds. Cross-scale posits enhanced functional diversity traits diverse within scales reinforced across scales. This model explicitly considers compartmentalization patterns spatial temporal cross-scale established operationalizing (Peterson, 1998), especially understanding relationship biodiversity, scale assessed evaluating distribution species approaches, discontinuity analysis time-series modelling tools, available assessing (Angeler Engineering focuses return structural attributes predisturbance conditions following Rapid times interpreted reflecting engineering (Pimm 1991). unit measurement time recovery. assumes characterized single equilibrium therefore fails account potential same system. context, incorrectly always recovers degraded previous therefore, only interest time. analogous 'bounce back' refers capacity initial does exclude existence thresholds physical material shape position without exceeding elastic limit), equilibria considered More include Based empirical theoretical knowledge tractable 'shorthand' is: contribution generate vice versa. allows operationalization consistent foundational aspects Nyström Folke (2001). builds upon spatially relevant complexity, asymmetries, networks, connectivity, dispersal information processing facets general generic cope disturbances changing define part might cross kinds shocks needs deal with, copes uncertainty all ways (Folke 2010). Managing given operating at distinct spatiotemporal need accounted for. complexity create opportunities re-evaluating present learning past situations, boosting novelty innovation triggering policy change. That is, new possibilities adaptive transformative swiftly baselines. component known, anticipated what, (Carpenter 2001). specified problematic particular parts specific cause lose ways. For instance, travel Europe became developing air travel, while ground transportation deemphasized. volcano eruption Iceland 2010 uncovered extensive cloud ash interfered operation aircrafts. stability characterize communities populations unchanged subject inverse resistance sensitivity (Grimm Wissel 1997). As case definitions, point view do Walker (2004) broadened use consider Stability multifaceted concept, components variability, resistance, persistence robustness (Donohue 2013). Despite concepts reductionist less integrative dynamic emanates. Simply, face perturbation, quickly perturbation alters parameters. generally ignore compartmentalized attractor domains. often hand, variability property, adaption evolution infers greater Functional redundancy delivering function, trait. studied accounting scaling relationships (Truchy two forms: (i) Redundancy existing scale, whereby identical functions redundant strict sense. (ii) occurs functionally similar exploit environment case, appropriate reinforcement accounts function impacted scale. Rather focusing trait emphasizes variation environmental group (Elmqvist 2003). Response make-up modulate through, colonization, growth, competition abilities. Variability combinations increases respond disturbances, maintaining behavioural evolutionary stress. ecology, adaptation single-species focus. Adaptation perhaps understood Darwinian sense, constantly evolve adjust conditions, confer reproduce, grow survive habitats. With warming, mismatch (e.g., thermal tolerances cold-stenothermic species) temperature regimes, leading maladaptation extinction. capability behaviourally evolutionarily unspecified future stresses. extends focus, emphasizing system-level constant adjustment properties, community composition, anticipate regime. confused stresses, example climate Adaptive qualitatively sciences thus varies contexts (Adger 2007). Its makes either indistinguishable from, subset of, highlighting quantitative approaches. Thresholds indicate levels surpassed (Suding Hobbs 2009). equivalent tipping points detected discontinuities bifurcation emphasize fundamental reorganization structure, functions, feedbacks, distinguished statistically detectable curvilinear configuration abundance process, Alternative explicit defined structures, separated (Lewontin 1969). Patterns, differ These basin regime interchangeably. specifically structure necessarily results arise processes, abiotic species. Feedbacks control effect influencing influenced gave rise it. positive feedback enhances amplifies opposite effects. Positive imply any judgement value desirability effects outcomes. theory; regimes. persistent (Scheffer shift, usually smooth internal (feedback) (external shocks) triggers completely behaviour. Shifts abrupt (years, decades) transitory (centuries, millennia), depending time-scale observation (Spanbauer 2014), affect locally, regionally globally (Hughes Regime importance ecology substantially flow service provisioning societies. Refers situations where 'the path out in', difficulty reverse Hysteresis operates observed cannot predicted solely based variables, also system's history. undergone change, lake, subjected excessive nutrient loading, will unlikely mitigation nutrients alone. stabilizing system, break hysteresis, series interventions (nutrient elimination, food web manipulations) required. Discontinuity theory hierarchical organization ecosystems, manifested nonlinear processes. objectively pioneered using body size animals 2016). Animals sizes perceive resources similarly presumably Different aggregations species, masses, resulting distributions delineate (Nash applies economies (Sundstrom Scaling received interpretations extent frequency, structure. commensurate space (i.e. fast slow extents). dual nature, meaning encompasses dimensions (Angeler, Göthe Johnson studies carried context 'scales' matching each other. circumstances, scope study, whether 'temporal' 'spatial' scaling, explicit. Process conducting experiments designed reduce (Allen 2011). misinterpreted trial-error approach, tests recalibrates hypotheses iteratively. controllability high, interventions, intervention possible. tandem theory, method probe inadvertently governance evolving framework analysing institutional, foundations multilevel modes building vast challenges posed coupled people nature. enables incorporation co-management, various forms formal informal integrated resource offers promising (Green Approaches slowly categorized generally. surveys stakeholder inhabit (Nemec type qualitative quantitative, provides metrics uncertainty, relative quantitatively trade-offs Other Alliance Workbooks, involve intense, brief, intellectual exploration drivers question. certainly awareness drivers, no meaningful metrics, ignores much multiscale Spatial recently (Cumming 2011) geometric Assessments fruitful led recommendations Finally, combined assessments, scale-specific methods identification (Standish early warning indicators aim impending (Burthe complement expand research, covering mainly arranged cover variety includes shifts, linkages conservation. coverage types broad, coral streams, lakes, habitats, forests, dealing ostrich farming. begins broadens there. (2016) discuss providing operational overview external elements, quantified. take-home message paper landscapes appropriately dimension monitoring. echoed study Moore, Grewar Cumming (2016). authors network movement Western Cape Ostrich industry gradually rebuilt after collapse outbreak avian influenza. lack farming sector disease fostered vulnerable diseases. Nash show usefulness address challenges. herbivorous fish, foraging size, support temperature-induced bleaching event. Their proxy fish remove algae reefs. On herbivore assemblages prior event up fishes wider range operated broader likely recover shows practical indicator found organism groups discrete mass patterns, limited taxa Seeking fill void, Seidl (2016), Journal Applied Ecology Issue 53:1, evaluated forest They suggest bound long-term turn locate attraction properties build describing rate trajectory relation serve monitor shifts. (flickering, slowing down, increased autocorrelation, variance; Scheffer 2009) major efforts (Lindegren 2012). Eason complemented multivariate metric Fisher Information quantifies order detect long transitions regimes Burthe evaluate autocorrelation variance trophic marine freshwater failed predict populations. Also, did falsely predicted. advocated incorporate suite candidate non-abundance increase statistical power, together improve understanding. Quinlan strengths, limitations, involved measuring particularly context. highlight property. complimentary integrate principles identified enhancing seen recent development so far permeated sciences. paradigm review demonstrates understand areas objective indication predicting biological invasions extinctions, guiding monitoring efforts. rapidly disciplines. pace exceeded cross-pollinate (including legal dimensions) advance Also come meanings (bounce back versus resilience), poorly differentiated, implications. distinction tools Significant methodological advances analyses, analyses (time-series analyses), allowing Much remains qualitative, implementation partly scepticism scholars about abilities (but see Garmestani 2006). Resolving gaps raison d'être endeavour, could open research. science, several remain. Current correlative local groups, allow representative entire large. Using result Correlative gain better insight pattern–process Recent benefitted data. currently availability highlights limited. addition issues, limit further complementary receiving attention means ways, applied differently unclear. amenable ecology. Modelling distinguish role regulated deterministic stochastic (Baho Further warranted collectively Ultimately fertile additional (Garmestani law rigid hardly dynamism strong inform law, adding flexibility realistic There advantages limitations transdisciplinary combines disciplines (ecosystem evolution, surveillance, citizen communication), arts. Connection translation novel schemes needed. Implementing complements enable conservation, decisions reflect inherent supported August T. Larsson Foundation Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (NJ Faculty), grants Research Councils Formas (2014-1193) VR (2014-5828), United States Department Defence. Ahjond provided helpful paper. Nebraska Cooperative Fish Wildlife Unit jointly cooperative agreement U.S. Geological Survey, Game Parks Commission, Nebraska, Service, Management Institute. Any trade, firm, product names descriptive purposes endorsement Government. Data archived article contain

Language: Английский

---

Emergent vulnerability to climate-driven disturbances in European forests

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: Feb. 23, 2021

Abstract Forest disturbance regimes are expected to intensify as Earth’s climate changes. Quantifying forest vulnerability disturbances and understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial develop mitigation adaptation strategies. However, observational evidence largely missing at regional continental scales. Here, we quantify of European forests fires, windthrows insect outbreaks during period 1979–2018 by integrating machine learning with data satellite products. We show that about 33.4 billion tonnes biomass could be seriously affected these disturbances, higher relative losses when exposed (40%) fires (34%) compared (26%). The spatial pattern in strongly controlled interplay between characteristics background climate. Hotspot regions for located borders envelope, both southern northern Europe. There a clear trend overall driven warming-induced reduction plant defence outbreaks, especially high latitudes.

Language: Английский

---

The functional complex network approach to foster forest resilience to global changes

Forest Ecosystems, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: April 9, 2019

Human impacts on Earth's ecosystems have greatly intensified in the last decades. This is reflected unexpected disturbance events, as well new and increasing socio-economic demands, all of which are affecting resilience forest worldwide provision important ecosystem services. Anthropocene era forcing us to reconsider past current management silvicultural practices, search for ones that more flexible better at dealing with uncertainty brought about by these accelerating cumulative global changes. Here, we briefly review focus limitations practices mainly developed Europe North America. We then discuss some recent promising concepts, such managing forests complex adaptive systems, approaches based resilience, functional diversity, assisted migration multi-species plantations, propose a novel approach integrate functionality species-traits into network multi-scale way manage Anthropocene. takes consideration high level associated future environmental societal It relies quantification dynamic monitoring diversity indices network. Using this approach, most efficient can be determined, where, what scale, intensity landscape-scale resistance, capacity changes improved.

Language: Английский

---

Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: Drivers, impacts, and management implications

Forest Ecology and Management, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 490, P. 119075 - 119075

Published: March 18, 2021

Language: Английский

---

Climate change causes critical transitions and irreversible alterations of mountain forests

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 26(7), P. 4013 - 4027

Published: April 17, 2020

Mountain forests are at particular risk of climate change impacts due to their temperature limitation and high exposure warming. At the same time, complex topography may help buffer effects create refugia. Whether can lead critical transitions mountain forest ecosystems whether such reversible remain incompletely understood. We investigated resilience composition size structure change, focusing on a landscape in Eastern Alps. Using individual-based model iLand, we simulated ecosystem responses wide range climatic changes (up 6°C increase mean annual 30% reduction precipitation), testing for tipping points vegetation under different scenarios. found that warming levels above +2°C threshold was crossed, with system into an alternative state. The shifted from conifer-dominated characterized by large trees dominated smaller, predominantly broadleaved trees. Topographic complexity moderated impacts, smoothing delaying between states. subsequently reversed forcing assess ability recover impacts. showed hysteresis, particularly scenarios lower precipitation. temperature, equilibrium species differed cooling trajectories. Here show even moderate corresponding current policy targets could result highlight importance topographic as buffering agent. Furthermore, our results overshooting ambitious mitigation be dangerous, ecological irreversible millennial time scales once point has been crossed.

Language: Английский

---