Machine learning and deep learning—A review for ecologists

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(4), P. 994 - 1016

Published: Feb. 13, 2023

Abstract The popularity of machine learning (ML), deep (DL) and artificial intelligence (AI) has risen sharply in recent years. Despite this spike popularity, the inner workings ML DL algorithms are often perceived as opaque, their relationship to classical data analysis tools remains debated. Although it is assumed that excel primarily at making predictions, can also be used for analytical tasks traditionally addressed with statistical models. Moreover, most discussions reviews on focus mainly DL, failing synthesise wealth different advantages general principles. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview field starting by summarizing its historical developments, existing algorithm families, differences traditional tools, universal We then discuss why when models prediction where they could offer alternatives methods inference, highlighting current emerging applications ecological problems. Finally, summarize trends such scientific causal ML, explainable AI, responsible AI may significantly impact future. conclude powerful new predictive modelling analysis. superior performance compared explained higher flexibility automatic data‐dependent complexity optimization. However, use inference still disputed predictions creates challenges interpretation these Nevertheless, expect become an indispensable tool ecology evolution, comparable other tools.

Language: Английский

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Evaluation of machine learning methods for lithology classification using geophysical data

Computers & Geosciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 139, P. 104475 - 104475

Published: March 23, 2020

Language: Английский

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The worldwide impact of urbanisation on avian functional diversity

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 23(6), P. 962 - 972

Published: April 7, 2020

Urbanisation is driving rapid declines in species richness and abundance worldwide, but the general implications for ecosystem function services remain poorly understood. Here, we integrate global data on bird communities with comprehensive information traits associated ecological processes to show that assemblages highly urbanised environments have substantially different functional composition 20% less diversity average than surrounding natural habitats. These changes occur without significant decreases dissimilarity between species; instead, they are caused by a decrease evenness, leading redundancy. The reconfiguration decline of native cities not compensated presence exotic severe under moderate levels urbanisation. Thus, urbanisation has substantial negative impacts diversity, potentially resulting impaired provision services, these can be reduced intensive practices.

Language: Английский

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Prospects and limitations of genomic offset in conservation management

Evolutionary Applications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 14(5), P. 1202 - 1212

Published: Feb. 10, 2021

In nature conservation, there is keen interest in predicting how populations will respond to environmental changes such as climate change. These predictions can help determine whether a population be self-sustaining under future alterations of its habitat or it may require human intervention protection, restoration, assisted migration. An increasingly popular approach this respect the concept genomic offset, which combines and data from different time points and/or locations assess degree possible maladaptation new conditions. Here, we argue that offset holds great potential, but an exploration risks limitations needed use for recommendations conservation After briefly describing concept, list important issues consider (e.g., statistical frameworks, genetic structure, migration, independent evidence) when using developing these methods further. We conclude area development still lacks some features should used combination with other approaches inform measures.

Language: Английский

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Conservation and the Genomics of Populations

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 10, 2022

Abstract Loss of biodiversity is among the greatest problems facing world today. Conservation and Genomics Populations gives a comprehensive overview essential background, concepts, tools needed to understand how genetic information can be used conserve species threatened with extinction, manage ecological or commercial importance. New molecular techniques, statistical methods, computer programs, principles, methods are becoming increasingly useful in conservation biological diversity. Using balance data theory, coupled basic applied research examples, this book examines phenotypic variation natural populations, principles mechanisms evolutionary change, interpretation from these conservation. The includes examples plants, animals, microbes wild captive populations. This third edition has been thoroughly revised include advances genomics contains new chapters on population genomics, monitoring, genetics practice, as well sections climate emerging diseases, metagenomics, more. More than one-third references were published after previous edition. Each 24 Appendix end Guest Box written by an expert who provides example presented chapter their own work. for advanced undergraduate graduate students genetics, resource management, biology, professional biologists policy-makers working wildlife habitat management agencies. Much will also interest nonprofessionals curious about role

Language: Английский

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Wild GWAS—association mapping in natural populations

Molecular Ecology Resources, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 729 - 738

Published: May 21, 2018

The increasing affordability of sequencing and genotyping technologies has transformed the field molecular ecology in recent decades. By correlating marker variants with trait variation using association analysis, large-scale phenotyping individuals from wild populations enabled identification genomic regions that contribute to phenotypic differences among individuals. Such "gene mapping" studies are enabling us better predict evolutionary potential ability adapt challenges, such as changing environment. These also allowing gain insight into processes maintaining natural populations, understand genotype-by-environment epistatic interactions track dynamics allele frequency change at loci contributing traits under selection. Gene mapping genomewide scans (GWAS) do, however, come a number methodological not least population structure space time inherent populations. We here provide an overview these summarize exciting advances applications reported this special issue some guidelines for future "wild GWAS" research.

Language: Английский

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Distribution, sources, and decomposition of soil organic matter along a salinity gradient in estuarine wetlands characterized by C:N ratio, δ¹³C‐δ¹⁵N, and lignin biomarker

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 27(2), P. 417 - 434

Published: Oct. 17, 2020

Abstract Despite increasing recognition of the critical role coastal wetlands in mitigating climate change, sea‐level rise, and salinity increase, soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration mechanisms estuarine remain poorly understood. Here, we present new results on source, decomposition, storage SOC with four vegetation types, including single Phragmites australis (P, habitat I), a mixture P. Suaeda salsa (P + S, II), S. (S, III), tidal flat (TF, IV) across gradient. Values δ 13 C increased depth aerobic layers (0–40 cm) but slightly decreased anaerobic (40–100 cm). The 15 N was significantly enriched matter at all depths than living plant tissues, indicating preferential decomposition 14 N‐enriched components. Thus, kinetic isotope fractionation during microbial degradation substrate utilization are dominant regulating isotopic compositions conditions, respectively. Stable (δ N), elemental (C lignin composition (inherited (Ad/Al)s C/V) were not completely consistent reflecting differences or accumulation among possibly due to litter inputs, root distributions, quality, water‐table level, salinity, community composition/activity. Organic contents from upstream downstream, likely primarily changes autochthonous sources (e.g., onsite biomass input) allochthonous materials fluvially transported upland river tidally induced marine algae phytoplankton). Our revealed that multiple indicators essential unravel degree accumulation, combination C:N ratios, C, N, biomarker provides robust approach decipher source sedimentary along river‐estuary‐ocean continuum.

Language: Английский

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Correlational selection in the age of genomics

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(5), P. 562 - 573

Published: April 15, 2021

Language: Английский

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Machine learning in landscape ecological analysis: a review of recent approaches

Landscape Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 37(5), P. 1227 - 1250

Published: Dec. 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Neuron numbers link innovativeness with both absolute and relative brain size in birds

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(9), P. 1381 - 1389

Published: July 11, 2022

Language: Английский

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