Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology

Diabetology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 4(2), P. 134 - 159

Published: April 12, 2023

The metabolic syndrome (MetS), first introduced by Haller in 1975, was sometimes also known as insulin resistance syndrome, X, and plurimetabolic syndrome. In 1989, it rechristened Kaplan the “Deadly Quartet” based on a consolidation of central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension. MetS is positively associated with pro-inflammatory pro-thrombotic state, attributed to increased inflammatory marker activity. Moreover, frequently atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hyperuricemia, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease. Despite concerted endeavors worldwide, complexity pathophysiology still needs be clearly understood. Currently, therapeutic possibilities are confined individual therapy for hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, regular physical exercise, restricted diet. this review, progress regarding understanding MetS; recent emerging technologies, such metabolomics proteomics; relation diabetes, diseases; association COVID-19 discussed.

Language: Английский

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A comprehensive review on the emerging role of long non-coding RNAs in the regulation of NF-κB signaling in inflammatory lung diseases

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 253, P. 126951 - 126951

Published: Sept. 19, 2023

Language: Английский

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Vitamin D—A prominent immunomodulator to prevent COVID‐19 infection

International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 26(1), P. 13 - 30

Published: Oct. 29, 2022

Abstract COVID‐19 remains a life‐threatening infectious disease worldwide. Several bio‐active agents have been tested and evaluated in an effort to contain this disease. Unfortunately, none of the therapies successful, owing their safety concerns presence various adverse effects. Various countries developed vaccines as preventive measure; however, they not widely accepted effective strategies. The virus has proven be exceedingly contagious lethal, so finding treatment strategy top priority medical research. significance vitamin D influencing many components innate adaptive immune systems is examined study. This review aims summarize research on use for prevention. Vitamin supplementation now become efficient option boost response all ages preventing spread infection. immunomodulator that treats infected lung tissue by improving responses downregulating inflammatory cascades. action exerted (at specific dose) several observational investigations clinical trials avoidance viral acute respiratory dysfunctions. To assess existing consensus about treat prevent development progression disease, intends synthesize evidence around relation

Language: Английский

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Unveiling COVID‐19 treatment strategies for immunocompromised individuals: Therapeutic innovations and latest findings

International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 27(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2024

In the past 3 years, targets for therapeutics and strategies prevention against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were identified developed based on pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) clinical outcomes infection. Therapeutics COVID-19 regarding time course, symptoms interventions, different stages SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, COVID-19-associated immunomodulatory effects discussed by Toussi et al.1 Drug treatment infection mild-to-moderate in outpatient setting, patients hospitalized with disease, critical recently reviewed Lui Guaraldi.2 Immunotherapeutics include transfusion high-titer convalescent plasma (CCP), anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to outpatients prevent progression or people who have a high risk pre-exposure prophylaxis purpose. Antivirals inhibitors main protease (Mpro, also known as 3C-like protease, eg nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), spike protein, genomic RNA synthesis (eg remdesivir molnupiravir). Anti-inflammatory therapies corticosteroids, Janus-associated kinase (JAKi), interleukin (IL) IL-1i IL-6i) targeting IL receptor along combination antivirals. addition, vitamin D supplementation strategy onset had been noted.3 About 3% population immunosuppressed conditions,4 including primary immunodeficiencies secondary immunodeficiencies, consisting solid-organ transplants, metastatic cancers, hematologic malignancies, advanced untreated HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, those receiving cancer chemotherapy, autoimmune diseases immunosuppressive biologics medications.5 Patients this heterogenous group higher COVID-19-related hospitalization, COVID-19, death6 tend opportunistic infections.7 prolonged persistent viral replication ICP not only cause long duration but emergence antiviral-resistant vaccine-escaped variants, prolonging pandemic.8 Although guidelines proposed manage severities cohorts,9 consensus was lacking information limited. Immunocompromised individuals are at outcomes. Vaccination remains preventive measure vulnerable population. some may reduced response vaccines, recommended doses can still provide level protection potentially mitigate disease.10 Given potential diminished vaccine response, immunocompromised should be considered booster local emerging data. addition vaccination, strictly adhere measures, wearing masks, maintaining physical distance, practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding crowded poorly ventilated settings. all close contacts, household members healthcare workers care ICP, encouraged get vaccinated.9, 11 Clinicians closely monitor their condition, assess symptoms, detect any complications early. cases exposure require specific isolation quarantine depending profile. The management necessitates an individualized approach. must carefully consider patient's medical history, factors determine most appropriate plan. among antiviral such considered. decision use drugs judgment consultation specialists from multidisciplinary areas. For high-risk individuals, patients, certain antibody treatments granted emergency authorization.1, Early administration these reduce hospitalization rates. significant inflammatory responses, corticosteroids like dexamethasone used under supervision.1 CCP therapy case-by-case basis early pandemic. However, it is suggested there insufficient evidence recommend either ICP.9, Therapeutic recommendations immunomodulator adults varying summarized Table 1. differences between without status more details therapeutic differences, please refer sections "Therapeutic Management Nonhospitalized Adults With COVID-19", Hospitalized COVID-19" reference 3, section "Management Who Are Immunocompromised" 5. adjusting chronic therapies, nonhospitalized "Special Considerations People Treatment Guidelines Panel U.S. National Institutes Health.9, Preferred therapies. Listed order preference: Alternative therapy. when preferred available, feasible use, clinically appropriate: Dexamethasone administered patients. If patient has already received second immunomodulator, promptly add 1 following (listed preference): Add options above Children milder course than generally, they might develop multisystem syndrome.12 Previous results showed that children treated similar presentations general pediatric population.13 contrast, other suggest underlying diseases.13 Thus, continuous monitoring serious illness needed.14 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), treatment, mortality.15 It eligible RA receive vaccination while quiescent state.16 Additionally, rheumatic advised vaccinated.17 Our recent JAKi users death, composite adverse outcomes, especially mortality vaccination.18 Brown al19 mAbs resulted clearance rate monotherapy no immunodeficiency. Martinez al20 infusion 30 consecutive days dexamethasone, which beyond authorized approved Food Administration, cured case 5-month conditions. Trottier al21 reported successful using extended nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. very article, co-administration molnupiravir nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMV/r) successfully follicular lymphoma quick virological recovery concerns tolerability toxicity.22 Lindahl al23 described chemotherapy shedding relapsing pneumonia. repeated courses NMV/r. remained afebrile polymerase chain reaction tests negative observed after NMV/r treatment. panel make up 59.1% solid organ transplant, 22.7% hematopoietic cell 11.4% malignancy, 6.8% neutralizing capacity Omicron variants recovered vaccinated donors evaluated.24 They concluded context era, administering post-vaccine demonstrated safety 30-day found low. There now strong rationale conducting randomized controlled trials evaluate both late option, well post-exposure prophylaxis. Considering widespread availability its effectively treat new studies regarded crucial public health priority. issue International Journal Rheumatic Diseases, comprising experts China 13 exposed ICP. cover laboratory diagnosis, assessment, strategies, during period, measures. Each recommendation accompanied comprehensive literature list, highlighting current relevant findings. various implementation benefits, associated risks, available alternatives, areas requiring further clarification. While many unknowns necessitate additional investigation, article offers updated guidance clinicians enhancing COVID-19. JJT: resources. LTL writing—original draft. writing—review editing. All authors contributed submitted version. funding supported Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan (https://www.kmuh.org.tw/), Applied Research (SA11204) JJT. declare conflict interest. data support findings study US NIH https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/. These derived resources domain: Coronavirus Disease Guidelines, https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/ Special Immunocompromised, https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/special-populations/immunocompromised/?utm_source=site&utm_medium=home&utm_campaign=highlights.

Language: Английский

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Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Respiratory Tract Infections and COVID-19 in Children

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 15(15), P. 3430 - 3430

Published: Aug. 2, 2023

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are one of the main reasons that pediatric population goes to doctor. The connection between ARTI and vitamin D (VD) is currently debated by medical community, so far, there has been little agreement with regard ideal level 25(OH)D concentration would provide protection for tract, or effectiveness its administration in treatment infections. purpose this literature review was bring attention immunomodulatory antiviral function relation system examining ARTIs, including SARS-CoV-2. latter affected different ways, from asymptomatic patients severe forms multisystem inflammatory syndrome children (MIS-C). Although not much clinical data on SARS-CoV-2 disease worldwide, we tried find out whether a severity disease, other supplementation. We also aimed if 25OHD deficiency had an adverse effect evolution recovery period case younger COVID-19. For review, PICO framework selected as methodological approach. Our results demonstrated many methods which may lower risk COVID-19 infection. Despite these significant advancements, more research needed support idea can influence children.

Language: Английский

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Inhalation drug delivery in combating pulmonary infections: Advances and challenges

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 89, P. 105022 - 105022

Published: Oct. 1, 2023

Language: Английский

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COVID-19, Nutrients and Lifestyle Eating Behaviors: A Narrative Review

Diseases, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 12(8), P. 193 - 193

Published: Aug. 22, 2024

Background: COVID-19 infection, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly emerged as the most significant event of new millennium. A balanced diet seems to ensure proper functioning immune system and plays a fundamental role in prevention viral disease, inflammation, or thrombosis. The principal aim this secondary study was investigate relationship between nutrients, lifestyle eating behaviors, SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: narrative review conducted PubMed-Medline database, analyzing primary studies. Results: Our identified 21 relevant studies: 13 focused on vitamins, 1 omega-3 supplementation, probiotics, 6 dietary behaviors. Vitamin supplementation has shown promise attenuating symptoms reducing mortality risk. Specifically, vitamin D demonstrated efficacy enhancing responses among patients with disease. While preliminary evidence suggests potential benefits probiotic improving health outcomes for outpatients, further research is needed solidify these findings. Conclusions: changes imposed lockdown measures have adversely affected psychological well-being exacerbated issues associated reduced physical activity poor habits.

Language: Английский

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The impact of vitamin D on atopic disorders: assessing evidence for a causal relationship

Frontiers in Nutrition, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: April 10, 2025

Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a noticeable increase in consumption vitamin D. Evidence accentuates generation pro-tolerogenic T helper 2 cell state with D, suppressing 1 inflammatory response. polarization is characteristic atopy. However, although literature on D and atopy yielded controversial results, multiple studies have described an inverse relationship between levels severity atopy, as well improvement pathology supplementation. A different approach offered analysis immunological mechanisms by which acts human body, supporting its use promoter homeostasis. In this sense, promotes balanced through action regulatory cells, controlling cytokines, both pro- anti-inflammatory, reducing B prolif eration differentiation, thus preventing possible development

Language: Английский

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Vitamin D Deficiency Meets Hill’s Criteria for Causation in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility, Complications, and Mortality: A Systematic Review

Nutrients, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 17(3), P. 599 - 599

Published: Feb. 6, 2025

Clinical trials consistently demonstrate an inverse correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D; calcifediol] levels and the risk of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 disease, complications, mortality. This systematic review (SR), guided by Bradford Hill’s causality criteria, analyzed 294 peer-reviewed manuscripts published December 2019 November 2024, focusing on plausibility, consistency, biological gradient. Evidence confirms that cholecalciferol (D3) calcifediol significantly reduce hospitalizations, mortality, with optimal effects above 50 ng/mL. While vitamin requires 3–4 days to act, shows within 24 h. Among 329 trials, only 11 (3%) showed no benefit due flawed designs. At USD 2/patient, D3 supplementation is far cheaper than hospitalization costs more effective standard interventions. SR establishes a strong relationship 25(OH)D vulnerability, meeting criteria. Vitamin infections, deaths ~50%, outperforming all patented, FDA-approved COVID-19 therapies. With over 300 confirming these findings, waiting for further studies unnecessary before incorporating them into clinical protocols. Health agencies scientific societies must recognize significance results incorporate prophylaxis early treatment protocols similar viral infections. Promoting safe sun exposure adequate communities maintain 40 ng/mL (therapeutic range: 40–80 ng/mL) strengthens immune systems, reduces hospitalizations deaths, lowers healthcare costs. When exceed 70 ng/mL, taking K2 (100 µg/day or 800 µg/week) alongside helps direct any excess calcium bones. The recommended dosage (approximately IU/kg body weight non-obese adult) 50–100 cost-effective disease prevention, ensuring health outcomes.

Language: Английский

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Liposome-Encapsulated Therapies: Precision Medicine for Inflammatory Lung Disorders

Nano TransMed, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 100082 - 100082

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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