Global maps of soil temperature

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 28(9), P. 3110 - 3144

Published: Dec. 30, 2021

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide maps soil bioclimatic variables a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 5-15 cm depth. were created by calculating difference (i.e. offset) between situ measurements, based time series over 1200 pixels (summarized 8519 unique sensors) across all world's major biomes, coarse-grained ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual differs markedly corresponding gridded temperature, up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation biomes seasons. Over year, soils cold and/or dry are substantially warmer (+3.6 2.3°C) than whereas warm humid environments average slightly cooler (-0.7 2.3°C). The observed biome-specific offsets emphasize projected impacts climate near-surface biodiversity functioning inaccurately assessed when rather is used, especially environments. soil-related provided here an important step forward any application related disciplines. Nevertheless, highlight need fill remaining geographic gaps collecting more measurements microclimate further enhance spatiotemporal products ecological applications.

Language: Английский

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ForestTemp – Sub‐canopy microclimate temperatures of European forests

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 27(23), P. 6307 - 6319

Published: Oct. 3, 2021

Ecological research heavily relies on coarse-gridded climate data based standardized temperature measurements recorded at 2 m height in open landscapes. However, many organisms experience environmental conditions that differ substantially from those captured by these macroclimatic (i.e. free air) grids. In forests, the tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub-canopy microclimatic conditions, thereby affecting biological ecological processes. To improve assessment of climatic climate-change-related impacts forest-floor biodiversity functioning, high-resolution grids reflecting forest microclimates are thus urgently needed. Combining more than 1200 time series situ near-surface with topographical, variables machine learning model, we predicted mean monthly offset between 15 cm above surface free-air over period 2000-2020 spatial resolution 25 across Europe. This was used to evaluate difference microclimate macroclimate space seasons finally enabled us calculate annual temperatures for European understories. We found air temperatures, being average 2.1°C (standard deviation ± 1.6°C) lower summer 2.0°C higher (±0.7°C) winter Additionally, our maps expose considerable variation within landscapes, not gridded products. The provided will enable future model below-canopy processes patterns, well species distributions accurately.

Language: Английский

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Mechanistic forecasts of species responses to climate change: The promise of biophysical ecology

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 29(6), P. 1451 - 1470

Published: Dec. 14, 2022

A core challenge in global change biology is to predict how species will respond future environmental and manage these responses. To make such predictions management actions robust novel futures, we need accurately characterize organisms experience their environments the biological mechanisms by which they respond. All are thermodynamically connected through exchange of heat water at fine spatial temporal scales this can be captured with biophysical models. Although mechanistic models based on ecology have a long history development application, use remains limited despite enormous promise increasingly accessible software. We contend that greater understanding training theory methods vital expand application. Our review shows implemented understand climate impacts species' behavior, phenology, survival, distribution, abundance. It also illustrates types outputs generated, data inputs required for different implementations. Examples range from simple calculations body temperature particular site time, more complex analyses distribution limits projected energy balances, accounting behavior phenology. outline challenges currently limit widespread application relating availability, training, lack common software ecosystems. discuss progress developments could allow applied many across large extents timeframes. Finally, highlight uniquely suited solve problems involve predicting interpreting responses variability extremes, multiple or shifting constraints, abiotic biotic environments.

Language: Английский

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Microclimate, an important part of ecology and biogeography

Global Ecology and Biogeography, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 33(6)

Published: April 8, 2024

Abstract Brief introduction: What are microclimates and why they important? Microclimate science has developed into a global discipline. is increasingly used to understand mitigate climate biodiversity shifts. Here, we provide an overview of the current status microclimate ecology biogeography in terrestrial ecosystems, where this field heading next. investigations We highlight latest research on interactions between organisms, including how influence individuals, through them populations, communities entire ecosystems their processes. also briefly discuss recent organisms shape from tropics poles. applications ecosystem management Microclimates important under change. showcase new with examples conservation, forestry urban ecology. importance microrefugia conservation promote heterogeneity. Methods for advances data acquisition, such as novel sensors remote sensing methods. modelling, mapping processing, accessibility modelling tools, advantages mechanistic statistical solutions computational challenges that have pushed state‐of‐the‐art field. What's next? identify major knowledge gaps need be filled further advancing investigations, These include spatiotemporal scaling data, mismatches macroclimate predicting responses change, more evidence outcomes management.

Language: Английский

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Forest structure and composition alleviate human thermal stress

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 28(24), P. 7340 - 7352

Published: Sept. 5, 2022

Current climate change aggravates human health hazards posed by heat stress. Forests can locally mitigate this acting as strong thermal buffers, yet potential mediation forest ecological characteristics remains underexplored. We report over 14 months of hourly microclimate data from 131 plots across four European countries and compare these to open-field controls using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) reflect perception. slightly tempered cold extremes, but the strongest buffering occurred under very hot conditions (PET >35°C), where forests reduced extreme stress day occurrence 84.1%. Mature cooled 12.1 14.5°C PET under, respectively, conditions. Even young plantations those 10°C PET. Forest structure strongly modulated capacity, which was enhanced increasing stand density, canopy height closure. Tree species composition had a more modest significant influence: that is, shade-casting, small-leaved evergreen amplified cooling. diversity little direct influences, though indirect effects through remain possible. in general, both mature, are thus reducers, their cooling be even further amplified, given targeted (urban) management considers new insights.

Language: Английский

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Tree species mixing can amplify microclimate offsets in young forest plantations

Journal of Applied Ecology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 59(6), P. 1428 - 1439

Published: March 11, 2022

Abstract Macroclimate warming is affecting ecosystems world‐wide. Tree canopies, however, can significantly buffer temperature fluctuations, giving rise to lower maximum temperatures, higher minimum temperatures and enhanced water availability at the forest floor. Forests, therefore, act as refugia for heat‐sensitive species with important implications climate‐change responses in understorey of forests. These microclimate offsets have been well‐studied, but far less known about how are modulated by tree mixing. We installed air humidity loggers a multisite diversity experiment quantify role richness composition on below‐canopy investigate mechanisms underlying these effects. Microclimate highly depended identity Not only monocultures larch Larix × eurolepis Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii had high performance thermal buffering, also mixtures such birch Betula pendula pine Pinus sylvestris . Indirect effects brought mixing were found amplify offsets, mostly via increased canopy cover. Synthesis applications Our findings show that offsetting depends diversity, buffered microclimates be achieved rapidly young plantations, depending being planted. Based our findings, we recommend planting instead monocultures. because was some investigated stands, likely increase resilience forests climate change. Hence, expect long‐term might beneficial buffering. Forest managers policy makers use finding optimise design plantations minimise impacts biodiversity functioning.

Language: Английский

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Microclimate reveals the true thermal niche of forest plant species

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 26(12), P. 2043 - 2055

Published: Oct. 3, 2023

Species distributions are conventionally modelled using coarse-grained macroclimate data measured in open areas, potentially leading to biased predictions since most terrestrial species reside the shade of trees. For forest plant across Europe, we compared conventional macroclimate-based distribution models (SDMs) with corrected for microclimate buffering. We show that microclimate-based SDMs at high spatial resolution outperformed and coarser resolution. Additionally, introduced a systematic bias response curves, which could result erroneous range shift predictions. Critically important conservation science, these were unable identify warm cold refugia edges distributions. Our study emphasizes crucial role when used gain insights into biodiversity face climate change, particularly given growing policy management focus on worldwide.

Language: Английский

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Slope and equilibrium: A parsimonious and flexible approach to model microclimate

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(3), P. 885 - 897

Published: Jan. 3, 2023

Abstract Most statistical models of microclimate focus on the difference or ‘offset’ between standardized air temperatures (macroclimate) and those a specific habitat such as forest understorey, grassland under log. However, these offsets can fluctuate from positive to negative over single day that common practice consists in aggregating data into daily mean, minimum maximum before modelling monthly for each summary statistic. Here, we propose more parsimonious flexible approach relying just two parameters: slope equilibrium. The captures linear relationship macroclimate, while equilibrium is point at which equals macroclimate. Although applicable other habitats, demonstrate relevance our method by focusing understoreys. We installed temperature sensors 1‐m height inside stands nearby open grasslands equipped with weather stations, across 13 sites France spanning wide climatic gradient. From year hourly sensor, established relationships macroclimate using mixed‐effects models, during leaf‐on (May–November) leaf‐off period (December–April). extracted used another set investigate their main determinants. was chiefly determined stand structure variables interacting leaf‐on/leaf‐off period: type (conifer vs broadleaf); shade‐casting ability; age; dominant height; stem density; cover upper lower shrub layer. In contrast, had no explanatory power found be positively related mean temperature, open/forest habitat. introduced here overcomes several shortcomings offsets. By demonstrating vary predictable ways, have general linkage applied any location time if know (equilibrium) buffering amplifying capacity (slope). also warn about methodological biases due reference

Language: Английский

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Microclimate mapping using novel radiative transfer modelling

Biogeosciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 21(2), P. 605 - 623

Published: Jan. 29, 2024

Abstract. Climate data matching the scales at which organisms experience climatic conditions are often missing. Yet, such on microclimatic required to better understand climate change impacts biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Here we combine a network of microclimate temperature measurements across different habitats vertical heights with novel radiative transfer model map daily temperatures during vegetation period 10 m spatial resolution Switzerland. Our results reveal strong horizontal variability in temperature, particularly for maximum 5 cm above ground within topsoil. Compared macroclimate as measured by weather stations outside forests, diurnal air topsoil ranges inside forests were reduced up 3.0 7.8 ∘C, respectively, while below trees e.g. hedges solitary trees, this buffering effect was 1.8 7.2 respectively. We also found that, open grasslands, are, average, 3.4 ∘C warmer than those macroclimate, suggesting habitats, heat exposure close is underestimated when using macroclimatic data. Spatial interpolation achieved hybrid approach based linear mixed-effect models input from detailed radiation estimates that account topographic shading, well other predictor variables related topography, height. After accounting effects, patterns primarily driven radiation, effects temperatures. Results block cross-validation revealed predictive accuracies root mean squared errors ranging 1.18 3.43 minimum being predicted more accurately overall The microclimate-mapping methodology presented here enables biologically relevant perspective analysing climate–species interactions, expected lead understanding biotic responses land use change.

Language: Английский

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Microclimate vision: Multimodal prediction of climatic parameters using street-level and satellite imagery

Sustainable Cities and Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 114, P. 105733 - 105733

Published: Aug. 14, 2024

Language: Английский

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