Mobility, motion, and exercise DOI Open Access
Pontus B. Persson, Anja Bondke Persson

Acta Physiologica, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 240(11)

Published: July 31, 2024

Sir Isaac Newton's 1686 "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"1 has repeatedly, and notably by biomedical scientists, been cited as the most influential single piece of scientific writing ever produced2: Movement, laws pertaining to which are laid down in this work, is a fundamental characteristic life, such, essential for various biological functions. Thus, life scientists across disciplines study processes that involve changes location, from molecular level groups complex organisms. Most organisms move one place another—in search nutrition, new habitats, mates or escape predators. Importantly, humans can convey information through speech, while animals must often also their bodies communicate. This highly relevant animal models with respect translational physiology inspired numerous creative solutions bioscientists enable of, example, brain during movement.3 Translational research—still so, disciplines—relies on models.4, 5 When cognitive studied, free movement is, despite additional challenge controlling monitoring sensory input mobile subject, prerequisite, as, crucial behavioral patterns only be observed studied Nevertheless, telemetry-based studies freely moving extremely valuable many more areas application physiology, example cardiovascular research,6 vegetative function reflex responses7 renal function.8 exemplified recent studies: Wu et al. show relevance VIP+ miRNAs processing, olfactory neural activity, "successful" rodents.9 Toledo al10 did not primarily observe changes; however, modulating effects RVLM-C1 neurons cardiorespiratory at rest had never before conscious, adult able freely, adds great results. As Pilowsky remarks, advantage awake animals, reflexes intact, possibility sleep–wake cycle normal breathing patterns, while, phenomena confounds results need taken into account critically.11 Baseline heart rate recordings animals12 particular value perspective, they closely resemble natural situation. At cellular level, occurs cell division, intracellular transport, functioning immune cells. Movement integral growth, such phototropism gravitropism, whereby plants grow toward light and/or against gravity optimize conditions photosynthesis stability. Both growing mature respond environmental stimuli: Tropisms taxis microorganisms examples how helps adapt conditions. Organisms do homeostasis survival, but reproductive processes: Sperms egg fertilization pollen via wind, water, pollinators plant reproduction. thus seen defining living supports functions feeding, reproduction, adaptation environment. we movement, there multitude technical terms being used. them share Latin root "movēre," highlights common origin related concept motion. These different warrant closer look avoid unwanted ambiguity, especially since database engines, rely automatically generated thesauri efficiency speed, unfortunately incorrectly synonymize these terms. Momentum physics: It quantitatively describes motion an object possesses. vector quantity both magnitude direction. In closed system no external forces, total momentum remains constant, analyzing collisions interactions between objects. simplistic view, measure much difficult it would stop change its applied human physiology: aids, mechanics, performance enhancement, needed design process rehabilitation ergonomic solutions. Studying limbs walking running understanding mechanics gait, balance, exercise sports vital optimizing preventing injuries when, throwing ball—properly managing transferring lead effective powerful movements. Also, important designing protocols prosthetic devices replicate limbs, help achieve smooth efficient user. ergonomics, tools workspaces minimize risk injury, reduce strain, improve efficiency. The distinction physiological non-sedentary life. While mere position organism object, dictated physical laws, involves intentional coordinated action, usually driven organism's nervous muscular systems. motion, mobility, motility, related, have distinct meanings. refers animate inanimate objects,13 implies purposeful behavior, intention control, typically involving musculoskeletal system.14 Mobility other hand, refer capacities: ability part either moved easily, thus, overall capacity movement—the range flexibility joints, whole organism. include passive movements (e.g., forces) ease movement. Motility spontaneously actively, consuming energy process—sperm cells swimming egg, white blood site engagement,15 contractions gastrointestinal tract.16 term focused self-propelled (but only: Delbono use "motility" skeletal muscle innervation,17 Fan et. al movement18) microbial active, energy-consuming processes.19-21 individuals "swarms," another layer complexity, when synchronize form cohesive groups. Swarming require communication interaction individual entities. Visual, auditory, chemical, tactile signals coordinate maintain group cohesion. "Social" swarms groups, aligning neighbors following leader, fine-tune sophisticated behaviors. Common general mechanisms coordination adjustment direction align neighbors, attraction center cohesion, repulsion certain distance to, collisions. Benefits swarming predator avoidance confusion safe foraging long-distance migration, insects, birds, fish, mammals alike. Understanding does provide insights underlying principles collective may novel applications fields ranging robotics artificial intelligence crowd management conservation. None.

Language: Английский

Plasticity DOI Open Access
Pontus B. Persson, Anja Bondke Persson

Acta Physiologica, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 240(3)

Published: Feb. 12, 2024

The Oxford English Dictionary defines plasticity, when used in a life-science context, as the "adaptability of an organism to changes its environment or differences between various habitats".1 When we mention plasticity biomedical however, due advances research over last decades, which have let us look at ever smaller building blocks life, usually do not refer organisms, definition has it, but rather cellular changes, often mainly neurophysiological context. In contemporary physiology, is studied multitude physiological and pathophysiological contexts. Interestingly, recent results published Acta Physiologica, synaptic one them. kidney, for example, Pohl et al.2 characterized impressive potential context-specific remodeling that endothelial cells exhibit. another example from same organ system, Lasaad al.3 identified major mediator renal cell during response reduced K+ uptake. Mitochondria are highly plastic organelles: Not only they play key role cardiovascular altitude adaptation4, 5 ectotherm adaptatation changing environmental conditions climate change6 also does mitochondrial mediate benefits aerobic exercise muscle wasting–based pathologies.7 On side note, Lundquist al.8 recently developed deep learning–based platform in-depth, automated fiber nucleus type analysis, significantly improve characterization affected fibers in, degenerative disease [reviewed 9]. turn, organelle mediates downside adaptation, is, negative, mechanisms reduction physical activity.10 CNS, Eriksen al. ARC "protein interaction hub" plasticity,11 whereas study, Popov seen beneficial effect dietary fat intake on specifically astrocytic plasticity.12, 13 Yeh looked depth adult neurogenesis, pivotal CNS neural plasticity.14 Another "task-related" phenotypic switch macrophages typically undergo tissue, prompted by their bio/mechanical happens different phases acute chronic inflammation.15, 16 And last, Clifford come up with novel model Na+ uptake zebrafish gill, organs study ion movements across epithelia "unparalleled plasticity".17, 18 biomedicine, stated above, no longer refers whole organisms only, even subcellular enable dynamically respond successfully adjust. Moving back bigger picture, one, bird's eye view scientific research: Catherine Malabou, France's leading philosophers,19 working concept special focus interrelations form, materiality meaning. She introduced new plasticity: Plasticity, Malabou states, denotes both capacity take form (as clay) give arts surgery).20 fellow thinkers stated, aims "coherent conceptualisation merging neurobiology medicinal sciences history philosophy political theory".21 analyzes developments "from genomes technology, economic flexibility brain all way performing arts",19 describes transformability heart these disciplines, promising change, big time, she calls "explosion"—not destructive way, though.22 Although "The Promise Explosion," seems especially careful examines interrelation bioscience—is this idea? It leave curious about future our discipline. None.

Language: Английский

Citations

0
Mobility, motion, and exercise DOI Open Access
Pontus B. Persson, Anja Bondke Persson

Acta Physiologica, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 240(11)

Published: July 31, 2024

Sir Isaac Newton's 1686 "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"1 has repeatedly, and notably by biomedical scientists, been cited as the most influential single piece of scientific writing ever produced2: Movement, laws pertaining to which are laid down in this work, is a fundamental characteristic life, such, essential for various biological functions. Thus, life scientists across disciplines study processes that involve changes location, from molecular level groups complex organisms. Most organisms move one place another—in search nutrition, new habitats, mates or escape predators. Importantly, humans can convey information through speech, while animals must often also their bodies communicate. This highly relevant animal models with respect translational physiology inspired numerous creative solutions bioscientists enable of, example, brain during movement.3 Translational research—still so, disciplines—relies on models.4, 5 When cognitive studied, free movement is, despite additional challenge controlling monitoring sensory input mobile subject, prerequisite, as, crucial behavioral patterns only be observed studied Nevertheless, telemetry-based studies freely moving extremely valuable many more areas application physiology, example cardiovascular research,6 vegetative function reflex responses7 renal function.8 exemplified recent studies: Wu et al. show relevance VIP+ miRNAs processing, olfactory neural activity, "successful" rodents.9 Toledo al10 did not primarily observe changes; however, modulating effects RVLM-C1 neurons cardiorespiratory at rest had never before conscious, adult able freely, adds great results. As Pilowsky remarks, advantage awake animals, reflexes intact, possibility sleep–wake cycle normal breathing patterns, while, phenomena confounds results need taken into account critically.11 Baseline heart rate recordings animals12 particular value perspective, they closely resemble natural situation. At cellular level, occurs cell division, intracellular transport, functioning immune cells. Movement integral growth, such phototropism gravitropism, whereby plants grow toward light and/or against gravity optimize conditions photosynthesis stability. Both growing mature respond environmental stimuli: Tropisms taxis microorganisms examples how helps adapt conditions. Organisms do homeostasis survival, but reproductive processes: Sperms egg fertilization pollen via wind, water, pollinators plant reproduction. thus seen defining living supports functions feeding, reproduction, adaptation environment. we movement, there multitude technical terms being used. them share Latin root "movēre," highlights common origin related concept motion. These different warrant closer look avoid unwanted ambiguity, especially since database engines, rely automatically generated thesauri efficiency speed, unfortunately incorrectly synonymize these terms. Momentum physics: It quantitatively describes motion an object possesses. vector quantity both magnitude direction. In closed system no external forces, total momentum remains constant, analyzing collisions interactions between objects. simplistic view, measure much difficult it would stop change its applied human physiology: aids, mechanics, performance enhancement, needed design process rehabilitation ergonomic solutions. Studying limbs walking running understanding mechanics gait, balance, exercise sports vital optimizing preventing injuries when, throwing ball—properly managing transferring lead effective powerful movements. Also, important designing protocols prosthetic devices replicate limbs, help achieve smooth efficient user. ergonomics, tools workspaces minimize risk injury, reduce strain, improve efficiency. The distinction physiological non-sedentary life. While mere position organism object, dictated physical laws, involves intentional coordinated action, usually driven organism's nervous muscular systems. motion, mobility, motility, related, have distinct meanings. refers animate inanimate objects,13 implies purposeful behavior, intention control, typically involving musculoskeletal system.14 Mobility other hand, refer capacities: ability part either moved easily, thus, overall capacity movement—the range flexibility joints, whole organism. include passive movements (e.g., forces) ease movement. Motility spontaneously actively, consuming energy process—sperm cells swimming egg, white blood site engagement,15 contractions gastrointestinal tract.16 term focused self-propelled (but only: Delbono use "motility" skeletal muscle innervation,17 Fan et. al movement18) microbial active, energy-consuming processes.19-21 individuals "swarms," another layer complexity, when synchronize form cohesive groups. Swarming require communication interaction individual entities. Visual, auditory, chemical, tactile signals coordinate maintain group cohesion. "Social" swarms groups, aligning neighbors following leader, fine-tune sophisticated behaviors. Common general mechanisms coordination adjustment direction align neighbors, attraction center cohesion, repulsion certain distance to, collisions. Benefits swarming predator avoidance confusion safe foraging long-distance migration, insects, birds, fish, mammals alike. Understanding does provide insights underlying principles collective may novel applications fields ranging robotics artificial intelligence crowd management conservation. None.

Language: Английский

Citations

0