Bacteriophages of the Human Gut: The “Known Unknown” of the Microbiome

Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 25(2), P. 195 - 209

Published: Feb. 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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Gene Therapy Leaves a Vicious Cycle

Frontiers in Oncology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: April 24, 2019

The human genetic code is the vehicle that drives synthesis of proteins necessary for life-sustaining biological processes. Though ciphering remains unchanged through generations, some genes get disrupted, deleted and/or mutated, manifested as diseases and disorders. Current treatment options—chemotherapy, protein therapy, radiotherapy, surgery available less than 500 diseases—neither cure nor prevent errors, but rather, often cause many side effects. However, gene colloquially called "living drug," provides a one-time option by rewriting or fixing errors in natural ciphering. Since therapy predominantly viral vector-based medicine, it has met with fair bit skepticism from both science fraternity patients. Now, thanks to advancements editing recombinant vector development, interest clinicians pharmaceutical industries been rekindled. With advent more 12 different drugs curing cancer, blindness, immune, neuronal disorders, this emerging experimental medical yet again come limelight. present review article delves into popular vectors used advances, challenges, perspectives.

Language: Английский

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ΦCrAss001 represents the most abundant bacteriophage family in the human gut and infects Bacteroides intestinalis

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9(1)

Published: Nov. 8, 2018

CrAssphages are an extensive and ubiquitous family of tailed bacteriophages, predicted to infect bacteria the order Bacteroidales. Despite being found in ~50% individuals representing up 90% human gut viromes, members this viral have never been isolated culture remain understudied. Here, we report isolation a CrAssphage (ΦCrAss001) from faecal material. This bacteriophage infects symbiont Bacteroides intestinalis, confirming previous silico predictions likely host. DNA sequencing demonstrates that genome is circular, 102 kb size, has unusual structural traits. In addition, electron microscopy confirms ΦcrAss001 podovirus-like morphology. absence obvious lysogeny genes, replicates way does not disrupt proliferation host bacterium, able maintain itself continuous during several weeks.

Language: Английский

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Interbacterial mechanisms of colonization resistance and the strategies pathogens use to overcome them

Mucosal Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 1 - 9

Published: July 9, 2018

The communities of bacteria that reside in the intestinal tract are constant competition within this dynamic and densely colonized environment. At homeostasis, equilibrium exists between these species strains is shaped by their metabolism also pathways active antagonism, which drive with related unrelated strains. Importantly, normal activities contribute to colonization resistance healthy microbiota, includes ability prevent expansion potential pathogens. Disruption resulting from, for example, inflammation or antibiotic use, can reduce resistance. Pathogens engraft following disruption microbiota often adapted expand into newly created niches compete an altered gut In review, we examine both interbacterial mechanisms strategies pathogenic exploit gaps

Language: Английский

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Cytokine Tuning of Intestinal Epithelial Function

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: June 5, 2018

The intestine serves as both our largest single barrier to the external environment and host of more immune cells than any other location in bodies. Separating these potential combatants is a layer dynamic epithelium composed heterogeneous epithelial subtypes, each uniquely adapted carry out subset intestine's diverse functions. In addition its obvious role digestion, intestinal responsible for wide array critical tasks, including maintaining integrity, preventing invasion by microbial commensals pathogens, modulating system. Communication between resident crucial homeostasis coordinating appropriate responses disease can occur through cell-to-cell contact or release recognition soluble mediators. objective this review highlight recent literature illuminating how cytokines chemokines, those made acting on epithelium, orchestrate many functions interactions with health disease. Areas focus include cytokine control proliferation, cell death, permeability. Additionally, modulation epithelial-derived chemokines factors such stromal cells, pathogen commensal exposure, diet will be discussed.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota beyond Bacteria—Mycobiome, Virome, Archaeome, and Eukaryotic Parasites in IBD

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 2668 - 2668

Published: April 11, 2020

The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions as well numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the also includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, interaction one another or host immune system have not been widely explored. This review covers recent findings on communities gastrointestinal involvement health disease, particular focus pathophysiology inflammatory bowel disease.

Language: Английский

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Bacteriophages in Natural and Artificial Environments

Pathogens, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 8(3), P. 100 - 100

Published: July 12, 2019

Bacteriophages (phages) are biological entities that have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. They been reported as the most abundant on planet and their ability to impact composition bacterial communities is interest. In this review, we aim explore where phages exist natural artificial environments how they communities. The environment review will focus human body, soils, marine environment. these naturally occurring there an abundance suggesting role maintenance community homeostasis. focuses wastewater treatment plants, industrial processes, followed by pharmaceutical formulations. As environments, existence bacteria manmade plants processes inevitably attracts phages. presence can inhibit required for efficient water or food production. Alternatively, positive eliminating recalcitrant organisms. Finally, conclude describing be manipulated formulated into products laboratory use environments.

Language: Английский

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Viruses in the Built Environment (VIBE) meeting report

Microbiome, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: Jan. 4, 2020

Abstract Background During a period of rapid growth in our understanding the microbiology built environment recent years, majority research has focused on bacteria and fungi. Viruses, while probably as numerous, have received less attention. In response, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation supported workshop entitled “Viruses Built Environment (VIBE),” at which experts environmental engineering, microbiology, epidemiology, infection prevention, fluid dynamics, occupational health, metagenomics, virology convened to synthesize advances identify key questions knowledge gaps regarding viruses environment. Results Four primary areas funding priorities were identified. First, better viral communities is needed, specifically are present their sources, spatial temporal interactions with bacteria. Second, more information needed about including transmission environment, relationship between virus detection exposure, definition healthy virome. The third priority evaluate interventions for controlling virome This encompasses among viruses, buildings, occupants. Finally, overcome challenge working participants emphasized that improved sampling methods, laboratory techniques, bioinformatics approaches advance Conclusions We hope identifying these will engage other investigators agencies spur future highly interdisciplinary topic There numerous opportunities knowledge, many topics remain underexplored compared

Language: Английский

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Cellular and Molecular Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Focusing on Intestinal Barrier Function

Cells, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 8(2), P. 193 - 193

Published: Feb. 22, 2019

The human gut relies on several cellular and molecular mechanisms to allow for an intact dynamical intestinal barrier. Normally, only small amounts of luminal content pass the mucosa, however, if control is broken it can lead enhanced passage, which might damage leading pathological conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It well established that genetic, environmental, immunological factors all contribute in pathogenesis IBD, a disturbed barrier function has become hallmark disease. Genetical studies support involvement susceptibility genes IBD encode proteins with key functions homeostasis. patients are associated loss bacterial diversity shifts microbiota, possible link local inflammation. Furthermore, alterations immune cells neuro-immune signaling pathways lamina propria have been demonstrated. An inappropriate activation mucosal inflammation, elevated secretion pro-inflammatory cytokines affect epithelium promote leakier This review will focus main how these be targeted order improve reduce

Language: Английский

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Intestinal Virome Signature Associated With Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Gastroenterology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 159(5), P. 1839 - 1852

Published: July 8, 2020

Language: Английский

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