Plant Strategies

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract Plants have evolved a remarkable array of adaptive solutions to the existential problem survival and reproduction in world where disturbances can be deadly, resources are scarce, competition is cutthroat. inherited phenotypic traits that increased their chance success, these indicators strategies for establishment survival. A plant strategy thought as “how species sustains population” (Westoby, 1998, p. 214) because all successful must positive demographic outcomes habitats which they adapted. This book aims articulate coherent framework studying unifies demography with functional ecology advance prediction ecology. Central this traits: heritable morphological, physiological, phenological attributes plants influence therefore drive fitness differences among species.

Language: Английский

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Climate change extinctions

Science, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 386(6726), P. 1123 - 1128

Published: Dec. 5, 2024

Climate change is expected to cause irreversible changes biodiversity, but predicting those risks remains uncertain. I synthesized 485 studies and more than 5 million projections produce a quantitative global assessment of climate extinctions. With increased certainty, this meta-analysis suggests that extinctions will accelerate rapidly if temperatures exceed 1.5°C. The highest-emission scenario would threaten approximately one-third species, globally. Amphibians; species from mountain, island, freshwater ecosystems; inhabiting South America, Australia, New Zealand face the greatest threats. In line with predictions, has contributed an increasing proportion observed since 1970. Besides limiting greenhouse gases, pinpointing which protect first be critical for preserving biodiversity until anthropogenic halted reversed.

Language: Английский

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Including climate change in pest risk assessment: Current practices and perspectives for future implementation

EPPO Bulletin, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 54(S1), P. 52 - 72

Published: March 1, 2024

Abstract The evaluation of the potential for newly arrived species to survive and determination whether a founder population can become established subsequently spread cause negative impacts are crucial considerations when performing pest risk assessment in plant health. Climate change has clear consequences concerning range pests, their impacts. Despite its importance, no guidance exists support how climate should be incorporated into assessment. This paper reviews been considered so far, not only area but also other domains provides on incorporation could affect overall Furthermore, from this analysis, some possible solutions incorporating provided, taking account that outcomes have profound political, economic, social environmental implications.

Language: Английский

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High‐resolution climate data reveal an increasing risk of warming‐driven activity restriction for diurnal and nocturnal lizards

Ecology and Evolution, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(5)

Published: April 29, 2024

Widespread species experience a variety of climates across their distribution, which can structure thermal tolerance, and ultimately, responses to climate change. For ectotherms, activity is highly dependent on temperature, its variability availability favourable microclimates. Thermal exposure tolerance may be structured by the heterogeneity microclimates for living along temperature and/or precipitation gradients - but patterns mechanisms underlying such are poorly understood. We measured critical limits (CT

Language: Английский

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A trait-based assessment of southern African arid-zone birds' vulnerability to climate change

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 287, P. 110338 - 110338

Published: Oct. 20, 2023

Trait-based assessments allow rapid evaluation of species' vulnerability to climate change, but often overlook subtle yet consequential interspecific variation in behavioural and physiological traits. We assessed 241 southern African arid-zone bird increasing air temperature associated with change. Species' sensitivity was scored using organismal traits (three morphological, 25 ecological, four behavioural, three physiological). under different trait weightings data availability scenarios account for gaps uncertainty traits' relative importance. Relative assigned by combining exposure scores. Between 7 % 17 species are highly vulnerable. Passeriformes emerged as the most vulnerable order, other orders assessed, on modest heat tolerance limits reliance panting, a relatively inefficient avenue evaporative dissipation. Bucerotiformes, Charadriiformes, Accipitriformes Falconiformes also Caprimulgiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes least vulnerable, pronounced cooling capacities high limits. Vulnerability Galliformes, Apodiformes Otidiformes inconsistent, varying substantially scenarios, making them priority taxa research conservation. Whereas method tends inflate scores little available despite weighting uncertainty, we were able identify that consistently require close attention, based current knowledge determinants change sensitivity. Similar trait-based may prove critical ensuring population declines unexpectedly or typically overlooked, do not go unnoticed appropriate conservation efforts initiated.

Language: Английский

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Plant Functional Traits and the Multidimensional Phenotype

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 159 - 212

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract Modules are the basic architectural building blocks of a plant. Roots anchor plants in place, provide support for growing stems, acquire water and mineral nutrients from soil, transport minerals to aboveground tissues. Clonality bud banks neglected aspect plant form function. Stems canopies leaves branches, store water, minerals, carbohydrates. Leaves face fundamental constraint: they must lose gain carbon. The leaf economics spectrum describes trade-off between rate carbon fixation cost tissue construction. Defining globally comparable phenological traits is an important unsolved problem. innovation seeds revolutionized reproduction because fertilization was no longer limited wet environments, it enabled young travel dormant state find more favorable opportunities colonization. Our understanding dimensionality functional rapidly growing, but at least five dimensions important: spectrum, height, rooting depth, belowground collaboration with fungi, seed-or-resprout spectrum. Evolution branching process species that close together on evolutionary tree likely share similar phenotypic closely related, especially when strongly conserved. However, phylogenetic conservatism not only explanation trait similarity among related natural selection can also explain it.

Language: Английский

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Using life history traits to assess climate change vulnerability in understudied species

Integrative Conservation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Dec. 10, 2024

Abstract Climate change is a primary threat to biodiversity, but for many species, we still lack information required assess their relative vulnerability changes. assessment (CCVA) widely used technique rank climate based on species characteristics, such as distributions, habitat associations, environmental tolerances, and life‐history traits. However, that expect are vulnerable yet understudied, like amphibians, often construct CCVAs using existing methods. We the CCVA framework trait‐based models life history theory, empirical evidence of traits distributions reflected sensitivity amphibians perturbation. performed in 7 states north‐central USA, focusing 31 aquatic‐breeding listed greatest conservation need by at least 1 state. Because detailed requirements unavailable most amphibian expected influence drying (e.g., clutch size breadth). scored changes projected mid‐century (2040−2069) from 2 representing “least‐dry” “most‐dry” scenarios region. Species characteristics useful discriminating our included small range size, inflexible diel activity patterns, smaller breadth. When mix drier wetter conditions future, exposure was important rankings. scenario universally drier, were more Using typically available even understudied projections, results highlight potential indicators vulnerability. The commonalities identified provide can be other threatened change.

Language: Английский

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Perspectives on Plant Strategies

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 3 - 20

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract Widespread observations of convergent evolution—the selection for similar traits in environments among unrelated taxa—continue to motivate interest plant strategies. Some ecologists prefer simple models with as few strategies possible, whereas others propose dozens explain the diversity form and function. describe distinct categories but continuous variation suggests that align along dimensions. Psychological human behavior provide an analogous framework understanding Psychologists have also debated over merits versus complex categorical personalities. The five-factor model proposes humans exhibit five traits. Plant may be best described by independent are phenotypes resulting from natural enable a population persist given environment. To make progress, strategy theory must (1) unpack multiple dimensions productivity disturbance gradients into their component parts; (2) articulate causal relationships between functional life history traits; (3) able distinguish fundamental realized niches phenotype; (4) differentiate trait adaptations large-scale spatial climate soil temporal small-scale heterogeneity within local habitats.

Language: Английский

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Applying Plant Strategies in Conservation and Restoration

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 307 - 326

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract Conservation biology and ecological restoration are creative defiant sciences that express optimism in our ability to right the wrongs humans have inflicted on biodiversity. Plant strategies integral successful conservation restoration. is science of rarity applied prevent species functions from going extinct. Demographic analyses needed identify demographic rates most vulnerable extinction threats. The concept has been generalized new functional rarity. Traits can be used generalize across taxa assess responses grazing management as well vulnerability global change drivers inform actions. Restoration community reassembly because it manipulates abiotic conditions, pool, density non-native competitors. predictions trajectory dynamics ecosystem functioning over time. influence establishment success response different environmental conditions treatments, they might useful selection optimize outcomes. strategy theory directly relevant invasion ecology assisted migration. Experimental tests migration common garden settings compare gradients could represent some strongest plant theory.

Language: Английский

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The Dimensionality of Plant Strategy Theory

Oxford University Press eBooks, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 69 - 98

Published: July 27, 2023

Abstract The intrinsic dimensionality of any multivariate dataset is the minimum number parameters needed to describe it, and dimensional analysis a theory identifies base quantities, their units measure, causal relations among them. strength plant strategy will be judged by its ability predict whether phenotype can maintain viable population in given environment. Life history traits are functions demographic rates spanning at least three dimensions: fast–slow continuum, reproductive strategies, lifespan. Functional morphological, physiological, or phenological that potentially impact fitness. Plant strategies have evolved response complex interactions density-independent frequency-independent selection pressures (i.e., temperature, disturbance regimes, resource availability), density-dependent vegetation density) frequency-dependent presence other strategies). Resources conceptualized as three-dimensional cube representing variation light, water, mineral nutrients, where different corners represent either abundance, limitation, co-limitation these resources. Disturbance types arrayed along two gradient frequency severity, extent. Temperature ultimate regulating factor because it governs non-linear reaction for all biological processes.

Language: Английский

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