bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: April 13, 2023
Abstract
The
hippocampal-dependent
memory
system
and
striatal-dependent
modulate
reinforcement
learning
depending
on
feedback
timing
in
adults,
but
their
contributions
during
development
remain
unclear.
In
a
2-year
longitudinal
study,
6-to-7-year-old
children
performed
task
which
they
received
immediately
or
with
short
delay
following
response.
Children’s
was
found
to
be
sensitive
modulations
reaction
time
inverse
temperature
parameter,
quantifies
value-guided
decision-making.
They
showed
improvements
towards
more
optimal
value-based
learning,
hippocampal
volume
protracted
maturation.
Better
delayed
model-derived
covaried
larger
longitudinally,
line
the
adult
literature.
contrast,
striatal
associated
both
better
immediate
longitudinally.
These
findings
show,
for
first
time,
an
early
contribution
dynamic
of
middle
childhood,
neurally
less
differentiated
cooperative
systems
than
adults.
Abstract
Adolescence
is
a
developmental
period
of
relative
volatility,
where
the
individual
experiences
significant
changes
to
their
physical
and
social
environment.
The
ability
adapt
volatility
one’s
surroundings
an
important
cognitive
ability,
particularly
while
foraging,
near-ubiquitous
behaviour
across
animal
kingdom.
As
adolescents
experience
more
in
surroundings,
we
predicted
that
this
age
group
would
be
adept
than
adults
at
using
exploration
adjust
volatility.
We
employed
foraging
task
with
well-validated
computational
model
characterise
mechanisms
volatile
environments,
preregistering
hypothesis
(aged
16–17;
N
=
91)
exhibit
optimal
adaptation
learning
rate
environmental
compared
24+;
90).
However,
surprisingly,
both
exhibited
suboptimal
adjustment
In
contrast
rate,
it
was
instead
participants’
stochasticity
(i.e.,
decision
variability)
better
resembled
made
by
RL
agent.
Although
heightened
environment
led
participants
often
trial
different
responses
facilitated
discovery
environment,
also
found
anxiety
impaired
adaptive
ability.
finding
environments
contradicts
expectations
responsible
for
successful
motivates
future
work
on
deleterious
role
plays
when
manage
periods
transition.
European Psychologist,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 24, 2025
Abstract:
Memory
and
decision-making
are
two
key
cognitive
processes,
influencing
each
other,
possessing
various
commonalities
differences.
The
intricate
relationship
between
the
concepts
has
gained
recent
emphasis
under
a
neurocognitive
system
model.
aim
of
this
review
is
to
connect
these
areas
research
by
focusing
on
–
congruency
effect
in
memory
confirmation
bias
research,
inspire
new
directions.
In
selective
literature,
studies
were
chosen
based
their
relevance
topics
following
comprehensive
literature
searches.
begins
with
an
overview
concepts,
both
which
notably
linked
prior
experiences,
implicating
common
roles
medial
prefrontal
cortex
(mPFC).
Given
distinct
maturation
ageing
patterns
dorsal
ventral
parts
mPFC
(dmPFC
vmPFC),
we
further
explore
related
from
developmental
neuroscience
perspective.
This
perspective
offers
valuable
tool
for
understanding
underlying
mechanisms
suggests
potential
directions
future
including
investigating
learning
processes
associated
effect,
employing
more
complete
inclusive
lifespan
samples
conducting
individual
sum,
linking
may
shed
light
how
humans
process
information
experiences.
Child Development,
Journal Year:
2022,
Volume and Issue:
93(5), P. 1601 - 1615
Published: May 21, 2022
Optimal
integration
of
positive
and
negative
outcomes
during
learning
varies
depending
on
an
environment's
reward
statistics.
The
present
study
investigated
the
extent
to
which
children,
adolescents,
adults
(N
=
142
8-25
year-olds,
55%
female,
42%
White,
31%
Asian,
17%
mixed
race,
8%
Black;
data
collected
in
2021)
adapt
their
weighting
better-than-expected
worse-than-expected
when
from
reinforcement.
Participants
made
choices
across
two
contexts:
one
more
heavily
than
led
better
performance,
reverse
was
true.
Reinforcement
modeling
revealed
that
age,
participants
shifted
valence
biases
accordance
with
environmental
structure.
Exploratory
analyses
strengthening
context-dependent
flexibility
increasing
age.
Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
23(3), P. 718 - 738
Published: May 26, 2023
Abstract
Many
of
our
decisions
take
place
under
uncertainty.
To
successfully
navigate
the
environment,
individuals
need
to
estimate
degree
uncertainty
and
adapt
their
behaviors
accordingly
by
learning
from
experiences.
However,
is
a
broad
construct
distinct
types
may
differentially
influence
learning.
We
provide
semi-systematic
review
illustrate
cognitive
neurobiological
processes
involved
in
two
uncertainty:
environments
with
stochastic
outcomes,
volatile
outcomes.
specifically
reviewed
studies
(
N
=
26
studies)
that
included
an
adolescent
population,
because
adolescence
period
life
characterized
heightened
exploration
learning,
as
well
due
experiencing
many
new,
often
social,
environments.
Until
now,
reviews
have
not
comprehensively
compared
uncertainties
this
age
range.
Our
main
findings
show
although
overall
developmental
patterns
were
mixed,
most
indicate
indicated
increased
accuracy
performance,
improved
age.
also
found
adolescents
tended
advantage
adults
children
when
discuss
potential
mechanisms
explaining
these
age-related
differences
conclude
outlining
future
research
directions.
Molecular Autism,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
16(1)
Published: Jan. 16, 2025
Risk
preference
changes
nonlinearly
across
development.
Although
extensive
developmental
research
on
the
neurotypical
(NTP)
population
has
shown
that
risk
is
highest
during
adolescence,
in
autistic
(AUT)
people,
who
tend
to
prefer
predictable
behaviors,
have
not
been
investigated.
Here,
we
aimed
investigate
these
and
underlying
computational
mechanisms.
We
ran
a
game-like
risk-sensitive
reinforcement
learning
task
75
participants
aged
6–30
years
(AUT
group,
n
=
31;
NTP
44).
Focusing
choices
between
alternatives
with
same
objective
value
but
different
risks,
calculated
stay
probability
of
risky
choice
after
rewarding
or
non-rewarding
outcome.
Analyses
using
t-tests
multiple
regression
analyses
were
conducted.
Using
choice-related
data
each
participant,
fit
four
models
compared
model
data.
Furthermore,
validated
results
fitting
methods,
recovery,
parameter
posterior
predictive
check.
found
significant
difference
nonlinear
AUT
groups.
The
modeling
approach
revealed
individual
preferences
for
surprise
modulated
such
preferences.
These
findings
indicate
adolescence
period
involving
preference,
possibly
due
lower
aversion.
Conversely,
show
opposite
change
could
be
avoidance
because
low
preference.
npj Science of Learning,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
10(1)
Published: May 12, 2025
Abstract
Learning
behavioural
responses
and
adapting
them
based
on
feedback
is
crucial
from
a
young
age,
continuing
to
develop
into
adulthood.
This
study
examines
the
development
trajectory
contributing
factors
childhood
adulthood
using
reversal
learning
paradigm.
We
tested
202
participants
aged
10
22
in
an
online
study,
where
they
learned
reversed
stimulus-outcome
associations
new
blocked
design
paradigm
were
assessed
for
working
memory
capacity.
Results
showed
that
performance
improved
with
particularly
10-
14-year-olds.
Flexible
negative
correlated
better
learning.
Additionally,
pubertal
positively
associated
These
findings
align
previous
research,
highlighting
flexible
as
key
factor
As
overall
rate
of
reactions
did
not
change
it
could
support
independent
potentially
changing
its
role
during
development.
The
rise
of
social
media
has
dramatically
altered
the
world
–
introducing
new
behaviours
which
can
satisfy
our
needs.
However,
it
is
yet
unknown
whether
human
strategies,
are
well-adapted
to
offline
we
developed
in,
operate
as
effectively
within
this
environment.
Here,
describe
how
computational
framework
Reinforcement
Learning
help
us
precisely
frame
problem
and
diagnose
where
behaviour-environment
mismatches
emerge.
describes
a
process
by
an
agent
learn
maximise
their
long-term
reward.
Learning,
proven
successful
in
characterising
behaviour,
consists
three
stages:
updating
expected
reward,
valuating
reward
integrating
subjective
costs
such
effort,
selecting
action.
Specific
affordances,
quantifiability
feedback,
might
interact
with
at
each
these
stages.
In
some
cases,
affordances
exploit
biases
beneficial
offline,
violating
environmental
conditions
under
optimal
for
example,
when
algorithmic
personalisation
content
interacts
confirmation
bias.
Characterising
impact
specific
aspects
through
lens
improve
understanding
digital
environments
shape
behaviour.
Indeed,
formal
could
address
pressing
open
questions
about
use,
including
its
changing
role
across
development,
on
outcomes
mental
health.
Frontiers in Aging,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
6
Published: May 9, 2025
This
study
aimed
to
identify
age-related
genes
and
alternative
splicing
(AS)
events
by
comprehensive
transcriptome
analysis
of
1,255
healthy
blood
samples
from
individuals
aged
8–87
years.
We
identified
1,029
up-regulated
1,186
down-regulated
in
older
individuals,
including
17
overlapped
with
known
aging-associated
genes,
such
as
TFAP2A
Klotho.
Gene
set
enrichment
revealed
significant
alterations
immunoregulatory
metabolic
pathways
during
aging.
However,
many
senescence-associated
secretory
phenotypes
(SASP)
involved
did
not
exhibit
changes
gene
expression,
suggesting
that
AS
may
reveal
additional
mechanisms.
Aging
also
altered
6,320
4,566
impacting
immune-related
protein
domains.
The
RNA-binding
RBMS3
emerged
a
key
regulator
aging-specific
events.
In
addition,
neoantigen
prediction
analyses
further
potential
neoantigens
generated
aging-related
events,
the
HLA-C14:02
allele
presenting
most
neoantigenic
peptides.
Notably,
60
peptides
were
confirmed
using
proteomic
data
elderly
their
novel
targets
for
anti-aging
immunotherapy.
Our
provides
new
insights
into
role
aging,
highlights
promising
avenues