Microglia in depression: an overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(1)

Published: June 6, 2022

Abstract Major depressive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric involving the dysfunction of different cell types in brain. Microglia are predominant resident immune cells brain and exhibit critical role depression. Recent studies have suggested that depression can be regarded as microglial disease. regulate inflammation, synaptic plasticity, formation neural networks, all which affect In this review, we highlighted microglia pathology First, described activation animal models clinically depressed patients. Second, emphasized possible mechanisms by recognize depression-associated stress conditions. Third, how antidepressants (clinical medicines natural products) activation. Thus, review aimed to objectively analyze focus on potential antidepressants. These data regulation actions might novel therapeutic strategy counteract adverse effects devastating mental disorders.

Language: Английский

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Tryptophan Metabolism in Depression: A Narrative Review with a Focus on Serotonin and Kynurenine Pathways

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(15), P. 8493 - 8493

Published: July 31, 2022

Depression is a common and serious disorder, characterized by symptoms like anhedonia, lack of energy, sad mood, low appetite, sleep disturbances. This disease very complex not totally elucidated, in which diverse molecular biological mechanisms are involved, such as neuroinflammation. There high need for the development new therapies gaining insights into this urgent. One important player depression amino acid tryptophan. can be metabolized two pathways context depression: serotonin kynurenine pathways. These metabolic tryptophan crucial several processes that linked with depression. Indeed, maintenance balance critical human physiological homeostasis. Thus, narrative review aims to explore metabolism (particularly pathways) depression, starting global overview about these topics ending focus on neuroinflammation, stress, microbiota, brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulation disease. Taken together, information clarify particularly

Language: Английский

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Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 24(1), P. 578 - 578

Published: Dec. 29, 2022

Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers quality life many. According to WHO, about 5% population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence 27.6%, it rising. Professionally, depression belonging affective disorders psychiatric illness, category major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related persistent disruptive mood disorders. Due this fact, imperative find way assess quantitatively using specific biomarker or panel biomarkers that would be able reflect patients' state effects therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, neuropeptides are studied in association with The latest research into inflammatory cytokines shows their relationship etiology causative. There stronger cytokine reactions pathogens stressors If combined other predisposing factors, responses lead prolonged processes, dysregulation axes, stress, pain, changes, anxiety, This review focuses on most recent data as markers concerning roles its pathogenesis, possible use diagnosis management, different levels bodily fluids, similarities animal studies. However, not isolated pathophysiologic mechanisms Their only part whole pathway.

Language: Английский

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Adenosine and Inflammation: Here, There and Everywhere

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 22(14), P. 7685 - 7685

Published: July 19, 2021

Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological stress conditions. It exerts its effect through interaction four G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes referred as A1, A2A, A2B, A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), each which has unique pharmacological profile distribution. potent inflammation, for this reason adenosinergic system represents an excellent target myriad diseases inflammation cause, pathogenetic mechanism, consequence, manifestation, or protective factor. The omnipresence ARs every cell immune well almost all cells body both opportunity obstacle to clinical use AR ligands. This review offers overview cardinal role modulation showing how stimulation blocking agents capable regulating extracellular concentration can represent promising therapeutic strategies treatment chronic inflammatory pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer.

Language: Английский

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How Inflammation Affects the Brain in Depression: A Review of Functional and Structural MRI Studies

Journal of Clinical Neurology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 503 - 503

Published: Jan. 1, 2021

This narrative review discusses how peripheral and central inflammation processes affect brain function structure in depression, reports on recent inflammatory marker-based functional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from the perspective of neural-circuit dysfunction depression. Chronic stress stimulates activity microglial cells, which increases production pro-inflammatory cytokines brain. In addition, activation promotes a shift synthesis serotonin to neurotoxic metabolites kynurenine pathway, induces glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity neurons. Furthermore, region specificity is hypothesized contribute vulnerability specific regions depression-related neural circuits inflammation-mediated injury. MRI are increasingly investigating blood levels markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α associated with neuroimaging Functional have found that aberrant patterns altered connectivity involved emotion regulation, reward processing, cognitive control Structural suggested related reduced cortical gray matter subcortical volumes, thinning, decreased integrity white tracts within circuits. These findings may improve our understanding relationships between neuroinflammatory at molecular level macroscale vivo neuralcircuit

Language: Английский

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Mechanistic Insights into the Link between Gut Dysbiosis and Major Depression: An Extensive Review

Cells, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 11(8), P. 1362 - 1362

Published: April 16, 2022

Depression is a highly common mental disorder, which often multifactorial with sex, genetic, environmental, and/or psychological causes. Recent advancements in biomedical research have demonstrated clear correlation between gut dysbiosis (GD) or microbial and the development of anxiety depressive behaviors. The microbiome communicates brain through neural, immune, metabolic pathways, either directly (via vagal nerves) indirectly gut- microbial-derived metabolites as well hormones endocrine peptides, including peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, glucagon-like peptide, oxytocin, ghrelin). Maintaining healthy microbiota (GM) now being recognized important for health use probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, fecal transplantation (FMT), etc. A few approaches exert antidepressant effects via restoring GM hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis functions. In this review, we summarized etiopathogenic link depression preclinical clinical evidence. addition, collated information on recent therapies supplements, such short-chain fatty acids, vitamin B12, omega-3 etc., target gut–brain (GBA) effective management behavior anxiety.

Language: Английский

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Inflammation, Lifestyle Factors, and the Microbiome‐Gut‐Brain Axis: Relevance to Depression and Antidepressant Action

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 113(2), P. 246 - 259

Published: March 12, 2022

Depression is considered a major public health concern, where existing pharmacological treatments are not equally effective across all patients. The pathogenesis of depression involves the interaction complex biological components, such as immune system and microbiota‐gut‐brain axis. Adjunctive lifestyle‐oriented approaches for depression, including physical exercise special diets promising therapeutic options when combined with traditional antidepressants. However, mechanisms action these strategies incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that specific dietary regimens can modulate both gut microbiota composition. Here, we review current information about to alleviate their crosstalk inflammatory microbiome. We further discuss role axis possible mediator adjunctive therapies through mechanisms. Finally, future manipulate potential use exercise, interventions, prebiotics/probiotics, fecal transplantation.

Language: Английский

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Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 62(5), P. 479 - 502

Published: Oct. 21, 2022

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota Metabolites in Major Depressive Disorder—Deep Insights into Their Pathophysiological Role and Potential Translational Applications

Metabolites, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 12(1), P. 50 - 50

Published: Jan. 8, 2022

The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem essential for the proper functioning of organism, affecting health disease status individuals. There continuous bidirectional communication between host, conforming to unique entity known as “holobiont”. Among these crosstalk mechanisms, synthesizes broad spectrum bioactive compounds or metabolites which exert pleiotropic effects on human organism. Many microbial can cross blood–brain barrier (BBB) have significant brain, playing key role in so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis. An altered (MGB) axis major characteristic many neuropsychiatric disorders, including depressive disorder (MDD). Significative differences eubiosis dysbiosis mental disorders like MDD with their different metabolite composition concentrations are being discussed. In present review, main (short-chain fatty acids -SCFAs-, bile acids, amino tryptophan -trp- derivatives, more), signaling pathways functions will be summarized explain part pathophysiology. Conclusions from promising translational approaches related metabolome addressed more depth discuss possible clinical value management patients.

Language: Английский

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C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker for Major Depressive Disorder?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 1616 - 1616

Published: Jan. 30, 2022

The etiopathogenesis of depression is not entirely understood. Several studies have investigated the role inflammation in major depressive disorder. present work aims to review literature on association between C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and depression. A systematic was performed for topics ‘CRP’ ‘depression’ using PubMed database from inception December 2021. Fifty-six were identified included review. Evidence suggested presence dysregulation system individuals with In most studies, higher blood CRP levels associated greater symptom severity, a specific pattern symptoms, worse response treatment. Moreover, about one-third depressed patients showed low-grade inflammatory state, suggesting different disorder (MDD) subgroup distinct etiopathogenesis, clinical course, treatment response, prognosis, which could benefit monitoring might potentially respond anti-inflammatory treatments. This provides robust evidence potential its disorders. These findings can be relevant developing new therapeutic strategies better understanding if may considered valuable biomarker

Language: Английский

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