Seven Shortfalls that Beset Large-Scale Knowledge of Biodiversity

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 46(1), P. 523 - 549

Published: Oct. 30, 2015

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are increasingly using big-data approaches to tackle questions at large spatial, taxonomic, temporal scales. However, despite recent efforts gather two centuries of biodiversity inventories into comprehensive databases, many crucial research remain unanswered. Here, we update the concept knowledge shortfalls review tradeoffs between generality uncertainty. We present seven key current data. Four previously proposed pinpoint gaps for species taxonomy (Linnean), distribution (Wallacean), abundance (Prestonian), patterns (Darwinian). also redefine Hutchinsonian shortfall apply abiotic tolerances propose new relating limited traits (Raunkiæran) biotic interactions (Eltonian). conclude with a general framework combined impacts consequences large-scale ecological consider ways overcoming dealing uncertainty they generate.

Language: Английский

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Lags in the response of mountain plant communities to climate change

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 24(2), P. 563 - 579

Published: Nov. 7, 2017

Rapid climatic changes and increasing human influence at high elevations around the world will have profound impacts on mountain biodiversity. However, forecasts from statistical models (e.g. species distribution models) rarely consider that plant community could substantially lag behind changes, hindering our ability to make temporally realistic projections for coming century. Indeed, magnitudes of lags, relative importance different factors giving rise them, remain poorly understood. We review evidence three types lag: "dispersal lags" affecting species' spread along elevational gradients, "establishment following their arrival in recipient communities, "extinction resident species. Variation lags is explained by variation among physiological demographic responses, effects altered biotic interactions, aspects physical environment. Of these, interactions contribute establishment extinction yet range dynamics are develop a mechanistic model illustrate how turnover future communities might simple expectations based shifts with unlimited dispersal. The shows combined contribution dispersal an gradient climate warming. Our simulation support view accounting disequilibrium be essential patterns biodiversity under change, implications conservation ecosystem functions they provide.

Language: Английский

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Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses in ecology and evolutionary biology: a PRISMA extension

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 96(5), P. 1695 - 1722

Published: May 7, 2021

Since the early 1990s, ecologists and evolutionary biologists have aggregated primary research using meta-analytic methods to understand ecological phenomena. Meta-analyses can resolve long-standing disputes, dispel spurious claims, generate new questions. At their worst, however, meta-analysis publications are wolves in sheep's clothing: subjective with biased conclusions, hidden under coats of objective authority. Conclusions be rendered unreliable by inappropriate statistical methods, problems used select research, or within itself. Because these risks, meta-analyses increasingly conducted as part systematic reviews, which use structured, transparent, reproducible collate summarise evidence. For readers determine whether conclusions from a review should trusted - able build upon authors need report what they did, why did it, found. Complete, reporting is measured 'reporting quality'. To assess perceptions standards quality reviews published ecology biology, we surveyed 208 researchers relevant experience (as authors, reviewers, editors), detailed evaluations 102 papers between 2010 2019. Reporting was far below optimal approximately normally distributed. Measured lower than community perceived, particularly for required measure trustworthiness. The minority assessed that referenced guideline (~16%) showed substantially higher average, interest improve quality. leading improving Preferred Items Systematic Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Here unveil an extension PRISMA serve biology: PRISMA-EcoEvo (version 1.0). checklist 27 main items that, when applicable, reported summarising biology. In this explanation elaboration document, provide guidance editors, explanations each item on checklist, including supplementary examples papers. Authors consult both planning writing stages meta-analysis, increase submitted manuscripts. Reviewers editors manuscripts review. Overall, resource biology facilitate transparent comprehensively meta-analyses.

Language: Английский

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Evolution of Ecological Niche Breadth

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 48(1), P. 183 - 206

Published: Aug. 8, 2017

How ecological niche breadth evolves is central to adaptation and speciation has been a topic of perennial interest. Niche evolution research occurred within environmental, ecological, evolutionary, biogeographical contexts, although some generalities have emerged, critical knowledge gaps exist. Performance trade-offs, long invoked, may not be common determinants or limits. can expand contract from specialist generalist lineages, so specialization need an evolutionary dead end. Whether determines diversification distribution how partitioned among individuals populations species are important but particularly understudied topics. Molecular genetic phylogenetic techniques greatly expanded understanding evolution, field studies essential for providing mechanistic details allowing the development comprehensive theory improved prediction biological responses under global change.

Language: Английский

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On the relative abundance of autopolyploids and allopolyploids

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 210(2), P. 391 - 398

Published: Oct. 6, 2015

The prevalence of autopolyploids in angiosperms has long been a subject debate. Müntzing (1936) and Darlington (1937) concluded that were common important evolutionary entities. However, Clausen et al. (1945) Stebbins (1947) subsequently considered them rare, part because the criteria upon which interpretations autopolyploidy rendered not rigorous. This position was reiterated by Grant (1981) decades later, although evidence mounting autopolyploid taxa might be natural populations (Lewis, 1980). As cytological genetic data have accumulated, it become increasingly apparent latter view is likely to correct (Soltis al., 2004b, 2007, 2010). still appears majority polyploids are allopolyploids (Parisod 2010; Soltis 2010), even though Ramsey & Schemske (1998, p. 467) conclude 'the rate formation may often higher than allopolyploid formation.' In this letter we survey literature assess whether indeed prevailing cytotype nature. Using our new estimates for incidence allopolyploidy, discuss some dynamics driving their frequencies Finally, suggest avenues future research on polyploidy build results other recent progress field. Polyploidy enjoyed renaissance over past decade 2014b). Advances plant genomics revealed history throughout evolution (Cui 2006; Barker 2008, 2009; Shi Jiao 2011, 2012, 2014; Arrigo Barker, 2012; Vekemans Kagale Cannon 2015; Edger 2015). Among contemporary species, wealth phylogenetic analyzed with tools (Mayrose 2010, 2015) estimate frequency, incidence, diversification polyploid species (Otto Whitton, 2000; Meyers Levin, Wood Mayrose Scarpino 2014a). Despite progress, these analyses addressed relative contributions autopolylpoidy allopolyploidy evolution. Although researchers speciation rare (Clausen 1945; Stebbins, 1947), current consensus probably more element diversity historic views suggest. Autopolyploid underestimated, perhaps greatly, taxonomists do recognize as 2007). These taxonomically cryptic cytotypes comprise substantial fraction diversity. A precise census frequency importance remains unavailable. We surveyed systematic evaluate within genera. Phylogenetic, cytological, integrated develop an empirical taxa. from 47 vascular genera representing 4003 (Supporting Information Table S1, Methods S1). assembled initial phylogenies at least 30% represented. Following survey, cross-referenced those chromosome counts (Wood Rice additional nature genus (e.g. allozyme, microsatellite, or amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) studies). combination sets yielded 43 > represented four 50 available data. collected nearly 300 publications (Methods S1) used assign ploidy level (diploid vs polyploid) (autopolyploid allopolyploid). inferred multiple base count each (2009). Polyploids also frequently identified methods, such isozyme microsatellite evidence, included set (Table Note account origins species. Thus, estimated rather number did unnamed meet various concepts. Given itself reproductive barrier, most would fulfill requirements biological concept. divided into based reports survey. continuum parental divergences yields corresponding distribution natures true autopolyploids, 'hybrid autopolyploids', 'segmental allopolyploids', (Stebbins, 1950), distinguish gradations. Across genera, found 76% diploids 24% (Fig. 1a). similar previous 2011) largely different set. Our confirmed 2007; Parisod 2010) prevalent indicated taxonomy alone. all 13% whereas 11% allopolyploids. near parity contrasts expectation predominant 1947; Grant, 1981), but consistent many overlooked Husband 2013). Notably, named unnamed, represent c. very unpublished Flora California reported (2007). estimate, J. B. C. (unpublished) 334 2647 contained (Husband Assuming single taxon, 11.2% autopolyploids. taxa, consistency suggests values robust. Differences taxonomic practice appear primary source perception 1b). More 87% recognized only 12% named. Much difference attributable fact distinct morphological features 1947). concepts 2007), they relegated cytotypes. finds recommendation (2007), should provide accurate accounting further elucidate processes proportion constitutes continuous across sampled 1c). there whose either allopolyploid, mixture On average, 50% autos allos. mean had 95% confidence interval 43% 56%, standard deviation 21%. requires opportunities hybridization, vary widely degree interspecific hybridization (Whitney differential production success ploidal types varies phylogeny. Whether differences proportions reflects production, persistence, clear present study, avenue research. How flowering exist nature? Current 350 000 another 10–20% general (Joppa 2011). 53.2% 1b; 1). numbers representative angiosperms, 51 000–61 relied recognition literature, unknown magnitude. will challenging traits alone, naming does where autos, unnamed. relatively restricted geographically ecologically, lack confounds biogeographic genomic compiled (Goff 2011; Boyle 2013; Matasci Violle Wickett 2015), individuals levels properly recognized. For represents cytotypes, users databases. Genome duplication associated physiological shifts (Chao 2013) could distort biogeographic, functional genomic, ecological analyses. Applying names improve large disparity rates. (1998) rates per generation basis unreduced gamete range When gametes come fertile diploids, autotetraploid 2.16 × 10−5 h (1.22 10−3) allotetraploids, refers rate, assuming plants outcrossing. They (Ramsey Schemske, 1998) 0.0272 2.7% required allotetraploid equal. low possible diploid hybrids almost times greater nonhybrids (27.5% 0.6%). case self-fertilization, 7.14 (4.05 10−2) allopolyploids, hybridization. 0.17% yield equal formation. Is frequent enough formation? Very little known about ranges wild 1998). If partially sympatric and/or local conditions allowing contact rarely met, then mixed B, vice versa. example, if 1% species' 2.7%, 100 1.35%, 200 greater. Of course, much < 1%. Accordingly, seems It tempting two good portion ranges, achieved. factors, mating system, play role allopolyploidy. selfing increase, (or outcrossing any type) must go down. transpecific value achieved, especially somewhat preferences. models indicate boon establishment persistence (Rausch Morgan, 2005). Modest spatial differentiation limited dispersal, combined increased enhance (Baack, Thus usually far exceed selfing. discussion thus assumed occurs uniformly apparently absent others. Ellstrand (1996) reviewed regional biosystematic floras Europe, North America, Hawaiian islands hybrids. percentages ranged high 16% (British Isles) 6% (Hawaii). Whitney (2010) expanded study include United States one Australia. Globally, hybrids, 84% not. coexisting congeners unable foster viable potential hybridize typically divergent niche prevents co-occurrence. Most relevant discussion, absence rarity vast 3200 indicates exceeds production. genesis unchanging variable, fertility relationship B constant time. case. closer get time ancestor, hybrid be. Hybrid declines sterility by-product stochastic, nonadaptive chromosomal changes (Levin, Coyne 2004; Lowry 2008; Fierst Hansen, Matute Moyle Nakazato, Presgraves, Sherman Larcombe less prone producing gametes, progeny There conflicting contention literature. Consistent expectation, studies (Chapman Burke, Paun 2009) produced homoploid result crosses between closely related Buggs (2008) actually random draw divergence. (Buggs 2009, came conclusion after re-assessing Chapman Burke (2007) (2009) purposes unclear divergence formed congeneric cross. varying incompatibilities resolve novelty, combinations face challenges persistence. At least, among subsequent restricts narrower window arguments made assume via triploid bridge, process involves successive generations (Harlan DeWet, 1975; Allopolyploid bridge ubiquitous time, argued earlier. fewer expected According (1998), accounts outcrossers. occurred nature, significant advantage. course deep five-fold 20-fold. approaches insight advantage differential, lineages lineages, else being An accrue population occur genome doubling, when genomes present, provides immediate vehicle transcending niches. Greater progenitor neopolyploid increases proximity opportunity mate neopolyploids, key factor (Fowler 1984; Rodriguez, 1996; 2002; Oswald Nuismer, addition, lead competition progenitors competitive advantage, correlatively growth, essential survive demographic environmental stochasticity. ability exploit novel habitats manifested, abundance recently deglaciated areas (Brochmann 2004). seem adept colonizing beyond tolerances (te Beest 2012). neoautoploids lower fertilities neoalloploids 2002). Allopolyploids endure change better former marshal resources through reorganization flexibility gene expression cope stresses (Doyle Leitch Leitch, Jackson Chen, survival union same products (Paun nascent cannot particular type change, others survive, persist. Aegilops (Meimberg 2009), Asplenium (Werth 1985), Mimulus (Vallejo-Marín Senecio (Abbott 2007) Tragopogon 2004a), bode well longevity. [Correction added online publication 6 October 2015: preceding sentence text 'Galax (Servick 2015)' deleted.] Whereas directly measure failure can consider variable taxon vulnerability, namely geographical size. Taxa vulnerable extinction narrow distributions (Gaston Fuller, Birand 2012), small (Dynesius Jansson, 2014). Small sizes sensitivity stochasticity, heightened inbreeding, reduced (Mayr, 1963; Anacker Strauss, Taxon vulnerability breadths (Morin Lechowicz, Slatyer Are extirpation aforementioned criteria, apt shorter duration taxa? few direction polyploids. briefly ponder magnitude difference. Let us diverging, lives 20 million years, 5 years 10 years. Since diverging time-frame expect 80 Even five greater, 40 Yet, representation. To achieve parity, 40-fold lineage diversification. 'fitness' quite surprising, believe conservative. pair 50:1, easily 100-fold. Better needed how phylogeny contribute shown that, approximate terms numbers. now mechanistic explanation why appreciate, (2007, holistic approach, populations, ultimately form novel, long-lived outcrossers exceeded always sympatry today (assuming allopatric parapatric speciation), move towards splitting. Logic substitute data; lacking aspects expectations 2011), biases inclusive tropical woody useful. size continue systematists relationships groups. agree call global angiosperm (Galbraith address gaps need (De Storme Mason, comprehensive assessment internal needed. establish sympatry, determine cross-compatible congener. New gained extending model (Suda Herben, reasonably fruitful extend work meiosis (Hollister Wright selection meiotic machinery differentially influence Research genetics Geelen, 2013a,b) show promise advancements area. Mining molecular insights penchant branching Hopefully, spur efforts investigate product vantage points renewed vigor. authors thank K. Dlugosch, S. Jorgensen, X. Qi, E. Sessa three anonymous reviewers thoughtful comments manuscript. funded SNSF Ambizione grant (PZ00P3_148224) N.A. NSF-IOS-1339156 M.S.B. M.S.B., D.A.L. planned designed A.E.B. Z.L. conducted N.A., wrote Please note: Wiley Blackwell responsible content functionality supporting information supplied authors. Any queries (other missing material) directed Phytologist Central Office. publisher content) author article.

Language: Английский

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Museum specimens reveal loss of pollen host plants as key factor driving wild bee decline in The Netherlands

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 111(49), P. 17552 - 17557

Published: Nov. 24, 2014

Significance Growing concern about bee declines and associated loss of pollination services has increased the urgency to identify underlying causes. So far, identification key drivers decline populations largely been based on speculation. We assessed relative importance a range proposed factors responsible for wild show that preferred host plant species is one main with in The Netherlands. Interestingly, foraging crop families have stable or increasing populations. These results indicate mitigation strategies bees will only be effective if they target specific plants declining species.

Language: Английский

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Why are some microbes more ubiquitous than others? Predicting the habitat breadth of soil bacteria

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 17(7), P. 794 - 802

Published: April 22, 2014

Abstract Identifying the traits that determine spatial distributions can be challenging when studying organisms, like bacteria, for which phenotypic information is limited or non‐existent. However, genomic data provide another means to infer and ecological attributes account differences in distributions. We determined of ~124 000 soil bacterial taxa across a 3.41 km 2 area whether we could use phylogeny and/or explain habitat breadth. found occupancy was strongly correlated with environmental range; were more ubiquitous broader range conditions. Across ~500 available, useful than alone explaining variation breadth; bacteria larger genomes metabolic versatility likely have geographical Just as trait‐based approaches proven so understanding animals plants, demonstrate microbial are difficult measure directly build predictions biogeographical patterns exhibited by microbes.

Language: Английский

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A review of the relation between species traits and extinction risk

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 237, P. 220 - 229

Published: July 12, 2019

Biodiversity is shrinking rapidly, and despite our efforts only a small part of it has been assessed for extinction risk. Identifying the traits that make species vulnerable might help us to predict status those less known. We gathered information on relationships between risk from 173 publications, across all taxa, spatial scales biogeographical regions, in what we think most comprehensive compilation date. aimed identify (1) taxonomical biases, (2) statistically robust generalizable predictors through use meta-analyses. Vertebrates Palaearctic are studied taxon region because higher accumulation data these groups. Among many have suggested be predictors, three had enough Two them potentially useful assessing lesser-known species: regardless taxon, with range narrow habitat breadth more extinction. Contrastingly, body size (the trait) did not present consistently positive or negative response. hypothesize relationship shaped by different aspects, namely phenomena represented depending taxonomic group. To increase understanding drivers extinction, further studies should focus understudied groups such as invertebrates fungi regions tropics expand number comparative analyses avoid current biases.

Language: Английский

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Biodiversity and Topographic Complexity: Modern and Geohistorical Perspectives

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 32(3), P. 211 - 226

Published: Feb. 11, 2017

Language: Английский

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One strategy does not fit all: determinants of urban adaptation in mammals

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 22(2), P. 365 - 376

Published: Dec. 20, 2018

Abstract Urbanisation exposes wildlife to new challenging conditions and environmental pressures. Some mammalian species have adapted these novel environments, but it remains unclear which characteristics allow them persist. To address this question, we identified 190 mammals regularly recorded in urban settlements worldwide, used phylogenetic path analysis test hypotheses regarding behavioural, ecological life history traits favour adaptation environments for different groups. Our results show that all produce larger litters; whereas other such as body size, behavioural plasticity diet diversity were important some not taxonomic This variation highlights the idiosyncrasies of process likely reflects niches roles can play. study contributes towards a better understanding mammal association humans, will ultimately design wildlife‐friendly contribute mitigate human‐wildlife conflicts.

Language: Английский

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