Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements

Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 359(6374), P. 466 - 469

Published: Jan. 25, 2018

Animal movement is fundamental for ecosystem functioning and species survival, yet the effects of anthropogenic footprint on animal movements have not been estimated across species. Using a unique GPS-tracking database 803 individuals 57 species, we found that mammals in areas with comparatively high human were average one-half to one-third extent their low footprint. We attribute this reduction behavioral changes individual animals exclusion long-range from higher impact. Global loss vagility alters key ecological trait affects only population persistence but also processes such as predator-prey interactions, nutrient cycling, disease transmission.

Language: Английский

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Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife–Livestock–Human Interface

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 32(1), P. 55 - 67

Published: Oct. 28, 2016

Urbanization can create diverse wildlife–livestock–human interfaces. Interfaces represent a critical point for cross-species transmission and emergence of pathogens. should be studied as complex, multihost communities. Molecular epidemiology add real-world complexity to the study disease emergence. is characterized by rapid intensification agriculture, socioeconomic change, ecological fragmentation, which have profound impacts on infectious disease. Here, we review current scientific evidence drivers emerging wildlife-borne zoonoses in urban landscapes, where anthropogenic pressures We argue that these interfaces pathogens into new host populations, thus understanding their form function necessary identify suitable interventions mitigate risk To achieve this, must communities whose structure are dictated both anthropological factors. Emerging diseases (EIDs) (see Glossary) recognized 'whose incidence populations has increased within past two decades or threatens increase near future' [1Smolinsky M.S. et al.Smolinski Microbial Threats Health: Emergence, Detection, Response. National Academies Press, 2003Google Scholar]. As well describing spread newly evolved previously undetected pathogens, increasing geographic spread, impact, changing clinical presentation moving human hosts first time, term also used describe reappearance (or re-emergence) known infection after decline It estimated between 60 80% infections zoonotic origin (at least initially) dependent an animal reservoir survival [2Woolhouse M.E.J. Gowtage-Sequeria S. Host range reemerging pathogens.Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005; 11: 1842-1847Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 3Jones K.E. al.Global trends diseases.Nature. 2008; 451: 990-993Crossref Scopus (2213) Of zoonoses, at 70% wildlife origin, with onward representing natural response evolutionary pathogen ecology [3Jones 4Karesh W.B. al.Ecology zoonoses: unnatural histories.Lancet. 2012; 380: 1936-1945Abstract Full Text PDF (172) Although domesticated reservoirs considered important sources EIDs, it influence systems dictates level operates interface humans animals The impact ecosystems they exist occurred long there been humans. However, over 10 000 years, human–ecosystem interactions become increasingly following series chronological transitions: (i) establishment local settlements, domestication livestock; (ii) regional contact through trade; (iii) intercontinental exploration, imperialism, industrialization; (iv) globalization, urbanization, climate change [5McMichael J. Environmental social influences diseases: past, present future.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2004; 359: 1049-1058Crossref (143) Current levels interaction, driven environmental encroachment land-use (exploitation resources agricultural practices), effects such will result habitat alteration changes species assemblage rates promote Spread persistence emerged re-emerged) then perpetuated combination factors including expanding global international trade travel, intensive livestock keeping systems, proliferation antimicrobial drug use [4Karesh 6Daszak P. Infectious wildlife- threats biodiversity health.Science. 2000; 287: 443-449Crossref (1991) 7Perry B.D. al.Livestock special feature: future directions dynamics.Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 2011; 110: 20871-20877Crossref (56) 8Jones B.A. al.Zoonosis linked change.Proc. 2013; 8399-8404Crossref (150) Land-use population-driven forestry, mining, industrial development, frequently associated [9Patz J.A. al.Unhealthy landscapes: policy recommendations land emergence.Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 1092-1098Crossref 10McFarlane R.A. al.Land-use island continent.Int. Environ. Res. Public Health. 10: 2699-2719Crossref key driver likely unprecedented rate coming decades, particularly developing countries, much 90% population growth projected occur cities [11Knobler al.The globalization control: exploring consequences opportunities.in: Knobler Proceedings Forum Threats. Institute Medicine, 2006: 21-48Google 12Nations U. World Prospects: 2014 Revision. Department Economic Social Affairs, Population Division, New York2014Crossref Human density significant predictors historical EID events, urbanization effect public health rural adapt conditions, other emerge re-emerge) areas density, migration, trade, sanitation, access clean water alter vector dynamics, while drive inequality (socioeconomic status, housing, race, ethnicity, gender, education) [13Bradley C.A. Altizer diseases.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007; 22: 95-102Abstract (266) 14Alirol E. al.Urbanisation globalised world.Lancet 131-141Abstract (156) Scholar] (Figure 1). For epidemiological often concentrated informal highest [14Alirol In this review, focus (predominantly feature countries) emergence, explore how driving potential sympatric wildlife, livestock, Spatial overlap hosts, ranges requirements directly transmitted vector-borne respectively. such, order investigate conditions might lead across species, humans, simplify considering them network transmitted; physical interact exchanged context societal (as depicted schematic Figure These networks different scales. At local-scale, households part what communities; groups similar set (e.g., demographic socioeconomic) characteristics. movement people, products, environment (which conveniently defined connectivity) [15Alberti M. patterns ecosystem function.Int. Reg. Rev. 28: 168-192Crossref (391) 16Pickett S.T.A. al.Urban systems: foundations decade progress.J. Manage. 92: 331-362Crossref (355) result, could interaction are: livestock-keeping practices, production movements products areas; direct environment, centers developed, freely [8Jones 17Himsworth C.G. al.Rats, cities, pathogens: systematic narrative synthesis literature regarding rat-associated centers.Vector Borne Zoonotic 13: 349-359Crossref (78) Urban highly complex listed above type extent ecosystems, resulting creating human–animal people. Urban-adapted (referred here synanthropic) abundant composed respond behavioral resource-based selection imposed environments [18Lowry H. al.Behavioural responses environments.Biol. Camb. Philos. 88: 537-549Crossref (108) Many synanthropic shown carry some cases act Studies generally those found ubiquitously commonly diseases, rodents, birds, bats, certain mammal foxes Europe raccoons US) [19Deplazes al.Wilderness city: Echinococcus multilocularis.Trends Parasitol. 20: 77-84Abstract (260) 20Wright A.N. Gompper M.E. Altered parasite assemblages manipulated resource availability.Oecologia. 144: 148-156Crossref (59) Rodents, example, harbor plague, leptospirosis, hantavirus infection, re-emergence seemingly poverty countries rat [17Himsworth 21Guan al.Investigating climatic variables hemorrhagic fever renal syndrome Huludao City, China: 17-year data analysis based equation model.BMC 2009; 9: 109Crossref (32) 22Evangelista K. Coburn Leptospira pathogen: its biology, pathogenesis, immune responses.Future Microbiol. 2010; 5: 1413-1425Crossref (141) 23Halliday J.E.B. leptospirosis Africa: cross-sectional survey rodents Kibera settlement, Nairobi, Kenya.Am. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89: 1095-1102Crossref (19) Anthropogenic bring bats closer [24Pulliam J.R.C. al.Agricultural intensification, priming Nipah virus: lethal bat-borne zoonosis.J. Interface. 89-101Crossref (116) 25Plowright R.K. habituation, connectivity epidemic dampening: Hendra virus from flying (Pteropus spp.).Proc. 278: 3703-3712Crossref (147) activities exposure urban-dwelling undoubtedly spilling but little processes occurs Most agents circulate infected multiple parasites infect variable diversity hosts. Small community (within-host competition, perturbations dynamics) far-reaching single (monoxenous) [26Hall S.R. al.Selective predation productivity jointly behavior host–parasite systems.Am. Nat. 165: 70-81Crossref (91) 27Telfer al.Species population.Science. 330: 243-246Crossref (256) 28Tomczuk al.Analysis intrinsic extrinsic influencing dynamics bovine Eimeria spp. central–eastern Poland.Vet. 2015; 214: 22-28Crossref Such downstream demonstrated several well-studied seasonal co-infection cowpox [29Begon al.Seasonal timing recurrent epidemics population.Proc. 276: 1603-1610Crossref (26) Scholar], Lyme white-footed mice [30Keesing F. al.Effects risk.Ecol. Lett. 2006; 485-498Crossref (644) fruit 31Daszak wildlife-livestock-human continuum.in: Collinge Ray C. Disease Ecology: Community Structure Pathogen Dynamics. Oxford University 186-201Crossref 32Plowright al.Ecological bat spillover.Proc. : 282https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2124Crossref (115) With high-profile exhibit wide plasticity (such Ebola avian influenza viruses), approach being embraced studying Studying role complicated attributes unique systems; complicate conceptual models [33Hayman D.T.S. bats: knowledge directions.Zoonoses 60: 2-21Crossref (57) Following framework recently revised Viana al. [34Viana al.Assembling identifying infection.Trends 2014; 29: 270-279Abstract (73) Caron [35Caron A. al.Bridge missing link multi-host systems.Vet. 46: 83Crossref (21) system either exists maintenance non-maintenance host, outside bridge agent involve phases: and/or (wildlife domestic) reservoir; spillover basic models, required maintain determined reproductive number (R0: pathogen) size, force Contact dynamics; R0 closely susceptible individuals recovery mortality individuals, (and spillover) prevalence probability upon [36Begon al.A clarification terms host-microparasite models: numbers, densities areas.Epidemiol. 2002; 129: 147-153Crossref (229) 37Davis Calvet Fluctuating rodent rodent-borne zoonoses.Vector-Borne 305-314Crossref (96) 38Lloyd-Smith J.O. al.Epidemic interface.Science. 326: 1362-1367Crossref (232) traits life-history characteristics, seasonality, coloniality, sympatry) population-level brought play large 39Gardner-Santana L.C. al.Commensal ecology, genetic characteristics city-dwelling Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus).Mol. 18: 2766-2778Crossref (particularly ecology) strongly reservoirs, therefore fundamental importance landscapes. Murray Daszak [40Murray pathogenic hypotheses drives viral emergence.Curr. Opin. Virol. 3: 79-83Crossref (41) discuss under change; perturbation pool hypotheses. hypothesis focuses more dynamic model forces reservoir, before livestock. assumes novel naïve not had prior exposure. reality, seems unlikely mutually exclusive; empirical studies favors [41Lloyd-Smith al.Nine challenges modelling pathogens.Epidemics. 35-39Crossref (changes richness, abundance, rate) dictate interfaces, probably degree coevolution each interface. Associations free-ranging described taxonomic (reviewed Scholar]). Evidence suggests altered availability, results communities, subsequently low proportional increases abundance generalist [42Faeth S.H. al.Trophic communities.Bioscience. 55: 399Crossref 43Galbraith al.Supplementary feeding restructures bird communities.Proc. e2648-e2657Crossref (43) From landscape-scale perspective, declining trend richness (biotic homogenization) occurring higher suburban than less-disturbed 44Evans K.L. al.Habitat assemblages.Ibis. 151: 19-39Crossref (154) Not surprisingly, trophic general rule, matched loss diversity, reducing [45Hudson P.J. al.Is healthy one rich parasites?.Trends 21: 381-385Abstract (343) specific, reassortment affects parameters: likelihood encounter competent [46Wood C.L. al.Does protect against disease?.Ecology. 95: 817-832Crossref (68) helminth South East Asia positively decreasing synanthropy [47Chaisiri al.Human-dominated habitats parasitism Southeast Asian murids.Parasitol. 107: 931-937Crossref (20) Increases elevate (through ranging densities), via orofecal routes [37Davis Fragmentation contrast, bottlenecks reduced effective [48Sommer gene variability (MHC) conservation.Front. Zool. 2: 16-33Crossref (417) decreases along gradients many lost, (notably remain communities) (termed dilution effect) 49Ezenwa V.O. al.Avian West Nile testing associations risk.Proc. 273: 109-117Crossref (157) Reverse (zooanthroponosis) pose threat [50Palacios G. al.Human metapneumovirus wild mountain gorillas, Rwanda.Emerg. 17: 711-713Crossref 51Franklinos L.H.V. al.Streptococcus pyogenes free-living European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus).Ecohealth. 12: 689-692Crossref implications conservation health, marginal circulating urban-adapted circulation Wildlife landscapes heterogeneously distributed, group spatial aggregations products) agents. described, target transmission. Several reviews identified high-risk scale; specific include dwellings, fields, occupational exposure, broader descriptions 52Kreuder Johnson al.Spillover pandemic properties viruses high plasticity.Sci. Rep. 14830Crossref argued Jones attempts virulence predominantly focused generalizations, appropriate capture heterogeneity Instead, define appropriate, spatially explicit scales [53Wood J.L.N. e

Language: Английский

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Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 287(1924), P. 20192736 - 20192736

Published: April 7, 2020

Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that detected scales positively abundance, suggesting transmission risk has been highest increased abundance even expanded their range adapting human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates bats were identified as having more than other species. Among threatened wildlife those population reductions owing exploitation loss habitat Exploitation through hunting trade facilitates close contact between humans, our findings provide further evidence exploitation, well anthropogenic activities losses quality, opportunities for animal-human interactions facilitated transmission. Our study provides new assessing spillover highlights convergent processes whereby causes declines

Language: Английский

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Pathogen spillover during land conversion

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 21(4), P. 471 - 483

Published: Feb. 21, 2018

Pathogen spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, the reverse, has caused significant epidemics pandemics worldwide. Although pathogen emergence been linked anthropogenic land conversion, a general framework disentangle underlying processes is lacking. We develop multi-host model for transmission between species inhabiting intact converted habitat. Interspecies contacts host populations vary with proportion of converted; enabling us quantify infection risk across changing landscape. In range scenarios, highest occurs at intermediate levels habitat loss, whereas largest, but rarest, occur extremes conversion. This provides insights into mechanisms driving disease during The finding that loss important guidance conservation public health policy.

Language: Английский

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Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: A review and management recommendations

Biological Conservation, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 204, P. 163 - 174

Published: Nov. 12, 2016

Language: Английский

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How are garbage dumps impacting vertebrate demography, health, and conservation?

Global Ecology and Conservation, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 12, P. 9 - 20

Published: Aug. 22, 2017

Organic waste can be considered a food subsidy which represents an important source of energy for different species that exploit it. However, it could produce contrasting impacts, both positive and negative. We reviewed terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, reptiles amphibians) rubbish dumps, the impacts produces on them. analysed 159 articles including 98 are present in dumps. Studies come from all over world (including Antarctica), but mainly Europe, North America Africa. Impacts reported were manly (72.6%) around quarter showed negative impacts. Rubbish dumps provide resources may improve body condition, enhance reproductive performance abundance, survival rate, alter movements, they sustenance some endangered species. these places increase risk pathogen infections poisoning, responsible spread introduced-invasive favour conflicts between humans animals use Moreover, take advantage sites others do not Worldwide production makes this novel ecosystem shaping ecological communities. Therefore, spatial temporal effects wildlife should evaluated more deeply at worldwide scale considering current differences developing to developed countries.

Language: Английский

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On the relationship between body condition and parasite infection in wildlife: a review and meta‐analysis

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 21(12), P. 1869 - 1884

Published: Oct. 4, 2018

Abstract Body condition metrics are widely used to infer animal health and assess costs of parasite infection. Since parasites harm their hosts, ecologists might expect negative relationships between infection in wildlife, but this assumption is challenged by studies showing positive or null condition–infection relationships. Here, we outline common parasitism, consider mechanisms that cause negative, positive, wildlife systems. We then perform a meta‐analysis 553 from 187 peer‐reviewed analysing observational experimental records separately, noting whether authors measured binary status intensity. Our analysis finds substantial heterogeneity the strength direction relationships, small, average effect size stronger studies, evidence for publication bias towards The strongest predictors variation study outcomes host thermoregulation methods evaluate body condition. recommend aiming impacts on should host–parasite biology, choose measures can change during course infection, employ longitudinal surveys manipulate when feasible.

Language: Английский

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Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land‐use change

Mammal Review, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 50(4), P. 336 - 352

Published: June 2, 2020

Abstract Zoonotic pathogens and parasites that are transmitted from vertebrates to humans a major public health risk with high associated global economic costs. The spread of these transmission accelerate recent anthropogenic land‐use changes (LUC) such as deforestation, urbanisation, agricultural intensification, factors expected increase in the future due human population expansion increasing demand for resources. We systematically review literature on LUC zoonotic diseases, highlighting most prominent mammalian reservoirs pathogens, identifying avenues research. majority studies were reviews did not focus specific taxa. South America Asia most‐studied regions, while was urbanisation. Livestock studied more within context carnivores urbanisation helminths, bats deforestation viruses, primates habitat fragmentation protozoa. Research into animal has improved our understanding how diseases is affected by LUC. behaviour hosts can be altered when their habitats changed, impacting they carry probability disease spreading humans. Understanding this enabled identification alter emergence (such virulence, pathogen diversity, ease transmission). Yet, many impacts other than have been understudied. Predicting emerge response requires empirical data synthesis link host ecology responses spread. between natural environment COVID‐19 pandemic highlights urgent need understand affects spillover originating mammals.

Language: Английский

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Impact of Land Use Changes and Habitat Fragmentation on the Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Diseases

Journal of Medical Entomology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 58(4), P. 1546 - 1564

Published: Oct. 23, 2020

Abstract The incidence of tick-borne diseases has increased in recent decades and accounts for the majority vector-borne disease cases temperate areas Europe, North America, Asia. This emergence been attributed to multiple interactive drivers including changes climate, land use, abundance key hosts, people’s behaviors affecting probability human exposure infected ticks. In this forum paper, we focus on how use have shaped eco-epidemiology Ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens, particular Lyme spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto eastern United States. We as a model system, addressing other systems needed illustrate patterns or processes. first examine interacts with abiotic conditions (microclimate) biotic factors (e.g., host community composition) influence enzootic hazard, measured density host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs B. s.s. then review evidence specific landscape configuration, forest fragmentation, influences hazard risk across spatial scales urbanization levels. emphasize need dynamic understanding landscapes based tick pathogen movement habitat relation resource provisioning. propose coupled natural-human framework that interactions, nonlinearities feedbacks system conclude call standardization methodology terminology help integrate studies conducted at scales.

Language: Английский

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Human–nature interactions and the consequences and drivers of provisioning wildlife

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 373(1745), P. 20170092 - 20170092

Published: March 12, 2018

Many human populations are undergoing an extinction of experience, with a progressive decline in interactions nature. This is consequence both loss opportunity for, and orientation towards, such experiences. The trend concern part because nature can be good for health wellbeing. One potential means redressing these losses through the intentional provision resources to increase wildlife close proximity people, thereby increasing positive human–nature experiences, thence array benefits that result. In this paper, we review evidence resource subsidies have cascade effects. some Westernized countries, scale extraordinarily high, doubtless leads negative impacts wildlife. turn, often lead more frequent, reliable closer interactions, greater variety species. consequences wellbeing remain poorly understood, although documented context broadly seem likely apply. There also important feedback loops need better characterized if provisioning contribute effectively towards averting experience. article theme issue ‘Anthropogenic host–parasite dynamics wildlife’.

Language: Английский

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