Functional trait effects on ecosystem stability: assembling the jigsaw puzzle

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 36(9), P. 822 - 836

Published: June 1, 2021

Language: Английский

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Unifying the concepts of stability and resilience in ecology

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 109(9), P. 3114 - 3132

Published: March 20, 2021

Abstract Characterizing how ecosystems are responding to rapid environmental change has become a major focus of ecological research. The empirical study stability, which aims quantify these ecosystem responses, is therefore more relevant than ever. Based on historical review and bibliometric mapping the field we show that two main schools relating stability—one focusing systems close their equilibrium other non‐equilibrium behaviour—have developed in parallel leading divergence both concepts definitions. We synthesize expand previous frameworks capitalize latest developments build towards an integrated framework by elaborating overarching concept stability its properties. Finally, broad applicability our work demonstrated cases. Synthesis . With rapidly changing conditions, Still, remains source confusion disagreement among ecologists. conceptual presented here provides basis integrate currently diverging views stability.

Language: Английский

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Ecological resilience: what to measure and how

Environmental Research Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 17(4), P. 043003 - 043003

Published: Feb. 22, 2022

Abstract The question of what and how to measure ecological resilience has been troubling ecologists since Holling 1973s seminal paper in which he defined as the ability a system withstand perturbations without shifting different state. This definition moved focus from studying local stability single attractor always converges, idea that may converge states when perturbed. These two concepts have later on led definitions engineering (local stability) vs (non-local metrics. While is associated clear metrics, measuring remained elusive. As result, notions studied largely independently one another although several attempts devoted mapping them together some kind coherent framework, extent they overlap or complement each other quantifying not yet fully understood. In this perspective, we metrics quantify following Holling’s based concept landscape. We explore relationships between derived bistable systems show that, for low dimensional models, correlation can be high. also review current approaches models data, outline challenges which, if answered, could help us make progress toward more reliable quantification practice.

Language: Английский

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Towards a Comparative Framework of Demographic Resilience

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 35(9), P. 776 - 786

Published: May 7, 2020

The global biodiversity crisis demands a broad understanding of the ability species to respond external disturbances caused by change.A common framework quantify, compare, contrast, and predict resilience change is urgently needed.Resilience includes resistance populations after disturbance their recovery from it.Measurements short-term population growth following disturbances, any its longer-term consequences, allow quantification demographic resilience.Quantifying with semantic numeric definitions enables comparisons across species, enabling us responses disturbances. In current crisis, development tools define, essential for change. However, disparate interpretations have hampered currency quantify compare natural systems. Most frameworks focus on upper levels biological organization, especially ecosystems or communities, which complicates measurements using empirical data. Surprisingly, there no quantifiable definition at level. We introduce that draws existing concepts community ecology, as well an accompanying set metrics are comparable species. Contemporary increasingly eroding resources [1.Pecl G.T. et al.Biodiversity redistribution under climate change: Impacts human well-being.Science. 2017; 355eaai9214Crossref PubMed Scopus (999) Google Scholar, 2.Scheffers B.R. al.The footprint genes biomes people.Science. 2016; 354aaf7671Crossref (445) 3.Vitousek P.M. al.Human domination Earth's ecosystems.Science. 1997; 277: 494-499Crossref (6221) Scholar]. Thus, how ecological systems withstand environmental (see Glossary) major challenge [4.Hughes T.P. al.New paradigms supporting marine ecosystems.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005; 20: 380-386Abstract Full Text PDF (678) 5.Parmesan C. al.Overstretching attribution.Nat. Clim. Chang. 2011; 1: 2-4Crossref (105) 6.Parmesan Ecological evolutionary recent change.Annu. Rev. Syst. 2006; 37: 637-669Crossref (5337) 'Resilience' key concept describes handle [7.Holling C.S. Resilience stability systems.Annu. 1973; 4: 1-23Crossref Indeed, international policy objectives, including UN Sustainable Development Goals [8.United Nations Transforming Our World: 2030 Agenda (A/RES/70/1). UN, 2015Google Scholar] Aichi Targets [9.Convention Biological Diversity Decision X/2, Strategic Plan Biodiversity 2011–2020 Targets, Secretariat Convention Diversity.2010Google Scholar], specifically include preserving objective. system resist recover [10.Hodgson D. al.What do you mean, 'resilient'?.Trends 2015; 30: 503-506Abstract (207) translating into challenging due complexities [11.Donohue I. al.On dimensionality stability.Ecol. Lett. 2013; 16: 421-429Crossref (189) has generated multiple debates over past decades regarding definition, meaning, application Scholar,12.Allen C.R. al.Resilience reconciled.Nat. Sustain. 2019; 2: 898-900Crossref (18) Scholar,13.Pimm S.L. al.Measuring understand it.Nat. 895-897Crossref (27) (Box 1). Discrepancies between approaches mean both theoretical works lack parity primary components studied, rendering if not impossible. These limitations ultimately prevent ecologists applying resilience-based solutions real-world problems (e.g., [14.Donohue al.Navigating complexity 19: 1172-1185Crossref (206) Scholar]). Developing unifying quantifications different therefore urgent task Scholar,15.Ingrisch J. Bahn M. Towards resilience.Trends 2018; 33: 251-259Abstract (122) Scholar,16.Pimm ecosystems.Nature. 1984; 307: 321Crossref (1595) Scholar].Box 1Defining ResilienceSince first appearance in literature late 1970s, study attracted significant attention (Figure I). rate research increased matches diversity resilience. term was introduced ecology Holling who defined it 'a measure persistence absorb still maintain same relationships state variables'. Holling's interpreted ways subdisciplines [60.Quinlan A.E. assessing resilience: broadening through disciplinary perspectives.J. Appl. 53: 677-687Crossref (202) For example, some considered be speed system, quantified time required return equilibrium [16.Pimm By others measured probability remain stable [61.Mumby P.J. al.Thresholds Caribbean coral reefs.Nature. 2007; 450: 98Crossref (573) Consequently, later [62.Holling Engineering versus resilience.Eng. Constraints. 1996; 31: 32Google distinguished two types engineering He 'resistance equilibrium' shock. described 'magnitude can absorbed before changes structure' Scholar,62.Holling Scholar].To frame resilience, we draw ideas terminology community/ecosystem Scholar,11.Donohue Scholar,22.Hillebrand H. al.Decomposing dimensions experiments.Ecol. 21: 21-30Crossref (76) define Hodgson al. 'the capacity persist functions face exogenous disturbance'. Similar literature, several authors consider function Scholar,63.Oliver T.H. ecosystem functions.Trends 673-684Abstract (508) 64.Darling E.S. Côté I.M. Seeking 359: 986-987Crossref (38) 65.Willis K.J. makes terrestrial resilient?.Science. 988-989Crossref (40) Such bivariate incorporate resistance, representing magnitude variable, recovery, component trajectory (recovery rate) ends. Populations structures 'states' displaced then disturbance. characteristics align general frameworks, perspective. Since To integrates Scholar,17.Scheffer al.Early-warning signals critical transitions.Nature. 2009; 461: 53-59Crossref (2181) Scholar,18.Dakos V. indicators: prospects early warnings regime shifts.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2014; 370: 20130263Crossref (215) theory [19.Caswell Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, Interpretation.2nd edn. Sinauer Associates, 2001Google Following conceptualizations 1) alterations structure, usually concomitant size. show transient dynamics, extensively [20.Neubert M.G. Caswell Alternatives measuring perturbations.Ecology. 78: 653-665Crossref (253) Scholar,21.Stott al.A studying dynamics projection matrix models.Ecol. 14: 959-970Crossref (80) used anticipate our marries disciplines elements analogous Established theories assume exist alternative states where forces influencing balance [6.Parmesan Scholar,20.Neubert 21.Stott 22.Hillebrand When displaces unstable state, these back 1A ). beyond domain attraction, tipping point, may transition [17.Scheffer This new characterized substantially maintained hysteresis processes feedbacks Scholar,23.Folke al.Regime shifts, management.Annu. 2004; 35: 557-581Crossref (2227) similar properties those classical views Similarly structured Like distinct contribute differently [24.Levin S.A. Paine R.T. Disturbance, patch formation, structure.Proc. Natl. Acad. 1974; 71: 2744-2747Crossref (544) individuals ages, sizes, developmental stages constant environment, will attain structure Therefore, views, growth. Disturbances size population, displacing fire affects younger rather than older tree [25.Enright N.J. al.Interval squeeze: altered regimes interact threaten woody changes.Front. Environ. 13: 265-272Crossref (208) akin composition biomass. result differ stability, leading either faster slower (amplification attenuation respectively [21.Stott depend relative over- under-representation high survival and/or reproduction. largest extents amplification represent bounds, classic As under-represented repopulated, drawn towards Transient thus ideal estimate intrinsic panel overcoming criticism many operationalization Scholar,14.Donohue Structured models facilitate explicit simulations impact life-cycle [26.Stearns S.C. Evolution Life Histories. Oxford University Press, 1992Google enable calculation consequent Bivariate Scholar,27.Nimmo D.G. al.Vive la résistance: reviving 21st century conservation.Trends 516-523Abstract (115) decompose components, 1 Box distinguish processes, compensation 2; details below). addition, provide distinction particular 2). Demographic incorporates amplifications 2 Figure 2), compensate post-disturbance reductions advocate use reactivity, maximal amplification, inertia various times disturbance, Reactivity quantifies immediate, response disturbance; highest density reach time-step, measures total displacement long-term, period. Reactivity, therefore, immediate whereas overall compensate, far away ends up 2).Box 2Transient CalculationsIn Table I present compendium equations aforementioned most structural demography – estimation done integral [66.Ellner S.P. Rees Integral complex demography.Am. Nat. 167: 410-428Crossref (359) Scholar]) other estimating absolute size, combine rat

Language: Английский

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Meta‐analysis on pulse disturbances reveals differences in functional and compositional recovery across ecosystems

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 23(3), P. 575 - 585

Published: Jan. 14, 2020

Most ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic or natural pulse disturbances, which alter the community composition and functioning for a limited period of time. Whether how quickly communities recover from such pulses is central to our understanding biodiversity dynamics ecosystem organisation, but also nature conservation management. Here, we present meta-analysis 508 (semi-)natural field experiments globally distributed across marine, terrestrial freshwater ecosystems. We found recovery be significant yet incomplete. At end experiments, disturbed treatments resembled controls again when considering abundance (94%), biomass (82%), univariate diversity measures (88%). did not further depart control after pulse, indicating that few studies showed novel trajectories induced pulse. Only multivariate on average little recovery: species remained dissimilar throughout most experiments. Still, revealed higher compositional stability, they tended show functional stability. Recovery was more complete systems had high resistance, whereas resilience resistance were negatively correlated. The overall results highly consistent studies, differences between organism groups appeared. Future research disturbances should aim understand these differences, fill obvious gaps in empirical assessments regions (especially tropics), organisms. In summary, provide general evidence can aspects vulnerable long-lasting effects disturbance than emergent functions associated them.

Language: Английский

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Refocusing multiple stressor research around the targets and scales of ecological impacts

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 5(11), P. 1478 - 1489

Published: Sept. 23, 2021

Language: Английский

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Unveiling dimensions of stability in complex ecological networks

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 116(51), P. 25714 - 25720

Published: Dec. 2, 2019

Understanding the stability of ecological communities is a matter increasing importance in context global environmental change. Yet it has proved to be challenging task. Different metrics are used assess systems, and choice one metric over another may result conflicting conclusions. Although each multitude useful for answering specific question about stability, relationship among poorly understood. Such lack understanding prevents scientists from developing unified concept stability. Instead, by investigating these relationships we can unveil how many dimensions there (i.e., independent components grouped), which should help build more comprehensive Here simultaneously measured 27 frequently studies. Our approach based on dynamical simulations multispecies trophic under different perturbation scenarios. Mapping between revealed that they lumped into 3 main groups relatively components: early response pulse, sensitivities press, distance threshold. Selecting allows accurate quantification overall communities. These results contribute improving our assessment

Language: Английский

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A roadmap towards predicting species interaction networks (across space and time)

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 376(1837), P. 20210063 - 20210063

Published: Sept. 20, 2021

Networks of species interactions underpin numerous ecosystem processes, but comprehensively sampling these is difficult. Interactions intrinsically vary across space and time, given the number that compose ecological communities, it can be tough to distinguish between a true negative (where two never interact) from false have not been observed interacting even though they actually do). Assessing likelihood an imperative for several fields ecology. This means predict species-and describe structure, variation, change networks form-we need rely on modelling tools. Here, we provide proof-of-concept, where show how simple neural network model makes accurate predictions about limited data. We then assess challenges opportunities associated with improving interaction predictions, conceptual roadmap forward towards predictive models explicitly spatial temporal. conclude brief primer relevant methods tools needed start building models, which hope will guide this research programme forward. article part theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity dynamics globe'.

Language: Английский

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The impacts of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in achieving sustainable lithium supply in the Lithium Triangle

Mineral Economics, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 35(3-4), P. 673 - 699

Published: Aug. 24, 2022

Abstract The electrification transition will intensify the demand for lithium. endowment in Lithium Triangle is significant, and expectations global supply are high terms of resources sustainability. In this paper, we investigate impact environmental, social governance (ESG) challenges to future sustainable lithium extraction. We undertook a qualitative analysis prioritise risks associated with these discussed their interlinkages. argue that perspective extraction region requires continuous informed dialogue among government, industry community stakeholders participatory processes reduce asymmetries power knowledge. provide list urgent mitigation actions could assist move towards These include following. First expanding our understandings water cycle brines region. This should be underpinned by baseline data ongoing monitoring at watershed scale, capacity building strengthen institutions, improved regulations infrastructures promote transparency accessibility. Second integrating biodiversity impacts within existing mining practices procedures (e.g. Environmental Impact Assessments — EIA). propose strategic implementation hierarchy IFC’s Performance Standards avoid, offset on ecosystem services critically important impacts. Third strengthening enable local communities become actors decision-making management projects. Fourth establishing framework support Strategic Social Assessment (SESA) process specific regional approach Triangle.

Language: Английский

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Nitrogen enrichment alters multiple dimensions of grassland functional stability via changing compositional stability

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 25(12), P. 2713 - 2725

Published: Oct. 28, 2022

Abstract Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment is known to alter the composition and functioning of plant communities. However, how influences multiple dimensions community‐ ecosystem‐level stability remains poorly understood. Using data from a nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) addition experiment in temperate semi‐arid grassland that experienced natural drought, we show N enrichment, not P decreased functional compositional temporal stability, resistance recovery but increased resilience. Compositional species asynchrony, rather than diversity, were identified as key determinants all except for recovery. Whereas was decoupled recovery, altered other primarily through changing their corresponding dimensions. Our findings highlight need examine ecological at community level more mechanistic understanding ecosystem dynamics face environmental change.

Language: Английский

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