Marine heatwaves under global warming

Nature, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 560(7718), P. 360 - 364

Published: Aug. 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO ₂ emissions scenarios

Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 349(6243)

Published: July 3, 2015

Carbon emissions and their ocean impacts Anthropogenic CO 2 directly affect atmospheric chemistry but also have a strong influence on the oceans. Gattuso et al. review how physics, chemistry, ecology of oceans might be affected based two emission trajectories: one business as usual with aggressive reductions. Ocean warming, acidification, sea-level rise, expansion oxygen minimum zones will continue to distinct marine communities ecosystems. The path that humanity takes regarding largely determine severity these phenomena. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.aac4722

Language: Английский

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Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean

Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 347(6219)

Published: Jan. 15, 2015

Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we profoundly affected wildlife, altering functioning and provisioning services every ocean. Current ocean trends, coupled with lessons, suggest that rates will rapidly intensify as human use oceans industrializes. protected areas are a powerful tool to harness productivity, especially when designed future climate mind, additional management strategies be required. Overall, habitat degradation is likely major driver wildlife loss. Proactive intervention can avert disaster magnitude observed on land.

Language: Английский

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Mechanisms of reef coral resistance to future climate change

Science, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 344(6186), P. 895 - 898

Published: April 25, 2014

Reef corals are highly sensitive to heat, yet populations resistant climate change have recently been identified. To determine the mechanisms of temperature tolerance, we reciprocally transplanted between reef sites experiencing distinct regimes and tested subsequent physiological gene expression profiles. Local acclimatization fixed effects, such as adaptation, contributed about equally heat tolerance reflected in patterns expression. In less than 2 years, achieves same that would expect from strong natural selection over many generations for these long-lived organisms. Our results show both short-term acclimatory longer-term adaptive acquisition resistance. Adding abilities ecosystem models is likely slow predictions demise coral ecosystems.

Language: Английский

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Genomic determinants of coral heat tolerance across latitudes

Science, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 348(6242), P. 1460 - 1462

Published: June 25, 2015

Some like it hot Coral reefs are threatened by increasing temperatures. Acute temperature increases stress and damage corals. However, more gradual changes can result in adaptation subsequent tolerance for higher Dixon et al. show that the heat currently exists across coral populations from different latitudes be inherited. Thus, natural variation may facilitate rapid among corals as our climate warms. Science , this issue p. 1460

Language: Английский

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Warming Trends and Bleaching Stress of the World’s Coral Reefs 1985–2012

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Dec. 6, 2016

Abstract Coral reefs across the world’s oceans are in midst of longest bleaching event on record (from 2014 to at least 2016). As many remote, there is limited information how past thermal conditions have influenced reef composition and current stress responses. Using satellite temperature data for 1985–2012, analysis we present first quantify, global locations, spatial variations warming trends, events variability reef-scale (~4 km). Among over 60,000 pixels globally, 97% show positive SST trends during study period with 60% significantly. Annual exceeded summertime most locations. This indicates that summer-like temperatures has become longer through record, a corresponding shortening ‘winter’ reprieve from warm temperatures. The frequency bleaching-level increased three-fold between 1985–91 2006–12 – trend climate model projections suggest will continue. history products developed enable needed studies relating resistance community composition. Such analyses can help identify more resilient stress.

Language: Английский

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Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Great Barrier Reef

Science, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 352(6283), P. 338 - 342

Published: April 14, 2016

Bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef The Australian (GBR) is one Earth's most extraordinary natural wonders, but it vulnerable to climate change. Ainsworth et al. have tracked effects three decades increasing heat stress on coral organisms. In past, pulses elevated temperatures that presaged hot seasons stimulated acclimation organisms and resilience thermal stress. More recently, temperature hikes been severe precluded acclimation. result has bleaching death; notably extreme during 2016 in wake El Niño. Science , this issue p. 338

Language: Английский

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Local-scale projections of coral reef futures and implications of the Paris Agreement

Scientific Reports, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 6(1)

Published: Dec. 21, 2016

Abstract Increasingly frequent severe coral bleaching is among the greatest threats to reefs posed by climate change. Global models (GCMs) project great spatial variation in timing of annual (ASB) conditions; a point at which are certain change and recovery will be limited. However, previous model-resolution projections (~1 × 1°) too coarse inform conservation planning. To meet need for higher-resolution projections, we generated statistically downscaled (4-km resolution) all reefs; these reveal high local-scale ASB. Timing ASB varies >10 years 71 87 countries territories with > 500 km 2 reef area. Emissions scenario RCP4.5 represents lower emissions mid-century than eventuate if pledges made following 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference (COP21) become reality. These do little provide more time adapt acclimate prior conditions occurring annually. adds 11 global average when compared RCP8.5; however, >75% still experience before 2070 under RCP4.5. Coral futures clearly vary greatly within countries, indicating warrant consideration most areas during management

Language: Английский

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The cumulative impact of annual coral bleaching can turn some coral species winners into losers

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 20(12), P. 3823 - 3833

Published: July 9, 2014

Abstract Mass coral bleaching events caused by elevated seawater temperatures result in extensive loss throughout the tropics, and are projected to increase frequency severity. If becomes an annual event later this century, more than 90% of reefs worldwide may be at risk long‐term degradation. While corals can recover from single isolated acclimate recurring that separated multiple years, it is currently unknown if how they will survive possibly acclimatize bleaching. Here, we demonstrate for first time dramatically alter thermal tolerance Caribbean corals. We found high energy reserves changes dominant algal endosymbiont type ( Symbiodinium spp.) facilitated rapid acclimation Porites divaricata , whereas low a lack phenotypic plasticity significantly increased susceptibility astreoides following year. Phenotypic Orbicella faveolata did not prevent repeat bleaching, but have recovery. Thus, holobiont response accurate predictor its Rather, cumulative impact turn some species ‘winners’ into ‘losers’, also facilitate ‘losers’ ‘winners’. Overall, these findings indicate could becoming increasingly susceptible face decline, while phenotypically plastic persist. recovery contribute selective diversity as well overall decline Caribbean.

Language: Английский

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Change in algal symbiont communities after bleaching, not prior heat exposure, increases heat tolerance of reef corals

Global Change Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 21(1), P. 236 - 249

Published: Aug. 6, 2014

Abstract Mutualistic organisms can be particularly susceptible to climate change stress, as their survivorship is often limited by the most vulnerable partner. However, symbiotic plasticity also help in changing environments expanding realized niche space. Coral–algal ( Symbiodinium spp.) symbiosis exemplifies this dichotomy: partnership highly ‘bleaching’ (stress‐induced breakdown), but stress‐tolerant symbionts sometimes mitigate bleaching. Here, we investigate role of diverse and mutable partnerships increasing corals' ability thrive high temperature conditions. We conducted repeat bleaching recovery experiments on coral Montastraea cavernosa , used quantitative PCR chlorophyll fluorometry assess structure function communities within hosts. During an initial heat exposure (32 °C for 10 days), corals hosting only stress‐sensitive C3) bleached, recovered (at either 24 or 29 °C) with predominantly (>90%) D1a), which were not detected before (either due absence extreme low abundance). When a second stress (also 32 days) was applied 3 months later, that previously bleached now dominated D1a experienced less photodamage symbiont loss compared control had been therefore still C3. Additional initially without herbicide DCMU at symbionts, similarly lost fewer during subsequent thermal stress. Increased thermotolerance observed C3‐dominated acclimated warmer temperatures (29 These findings indicate increased post‐bleaching resulted from community composition changes, prior exposure. Moreover, undetectable became dominant after bleaching, critical resilience resistance future

Language: Английский

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