Th1 and Th17 Cells in Tuberculosis: Protection, Pathology, and Biomarkers

Mediators of Inflammation, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 2015(1)

Published: Jan. 1, 2015

The outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) infection ranges from a complete pathogen clearance through asymptomatic latent (LTBI) to active (TB) disease. It is now understood that LTBI and TB represent continuous spectrum states with different degrees “activity,” host pathology, immune reactivity. Therefore, it important differentiate identify stages. CD4 + T cells play critical role during by mediating protection, contributing inflammation, regulating response. Th1 Th17 are the main effector TB. have been shown contribute protection secreting IFN‐ γ activating antimycobacterial action in macrophages. induce neutrophilic mediate tissue damage, thus implicated pathology. In recent years new findings accumulated alter our view on infection. This review discusses these results how they can be implemented for diagnosis monitoring.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Macrophages in Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Jan. 19, 2021

is a member of the human commensal microflora that exists, apparently benignly, at multiple sites on host. However, as an opportunist pathogen it can also cause range serious diseases. This requires ability to circumvent innate immune system establish infection. Professional phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are key cells which interact with

Language: Английский

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Of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections – a comparative analysis of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment

Journal of Biomedical Science, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 27(1)

Published: June 17, 2020

Abstract Pulmonary diseases due to mycobacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality human health. In addition tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium (Mtb), recent epidemiological studies have shown the emergence of non-tuberculous (NTM) species in causing lung humans. Although more than 170 NTM are present various environmental niches, only a handful, primarily avium complex M. abscessus , been implicated pulmonary disease. While TB is transmitted through inhalation aerosol droplets containing Mtb, generated patients with symptomatic disease, disease mostly disseminated aerosols originated from environment. However, following inhalation, both Mtb phagocytosed alveolar macrophages lungs. Subsequently, immune cells recruited circulation site infection, which leads granuloma formation. pathophysiology share several fundamental cellular molecular events, host-susceptibility infections different. Striking differences also exist presentation between cases. associated bronchiectasis, this condition rarely predisposing factor for TB. Similarly, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals, presents as disseminated, extrapulmonary form rather miliary, seen infection. The diagnostic modalities TB, including diagnosis drug-susceptibility testing (DST), advanced possess higher rate sensitivity specificity, compared tools available infections. general, drug-sensitive effectively treated standard multi-drug regimen well-defined first- second-line antibiotics. treatment drug-resistant requires additional, newer class antibiotics combination or without first drugs. contrast, display heterogeneity their susceptibility anti-TB Thus, usually involves use macrolides injectable aminoglycosides. well-established international guidelines available, empirical not entirely successful. duration much longer diseases, resection surgery affected organ(s) part that do respond treatment. Here, we discuss epidemiology, diagnosis,

Language: Английский

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M. tuberculosis-Induced Necrosis of Infected Neutrophils Promotes Bacterial Growth Following Phagocytosis by Macrophages

Cell Host & Microbe, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 22(4), P. 519 - 530.e3

Published: Oct. 1, 2017

Language: Английский

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The Iron age of host–microbe interactions

EMBO Reports, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 16(11), P. 1482 - 1500

Published: Oct. 16, 2015

Language: Английский

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Targeted apoptosis of macrophages and osteoclasts in arthritic joints is effective against advanced inflammatory arthritis

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12(1)

Published: April 12, 2021

Abstract Insufficient apoptosis of inflammatory macrophages and osteoclasts (OCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) joints contributes toward the persistent progression joint inflammation destruction. Here, we deliver celastrol (CEL) to selectively induce OCs arthritic joints, with enzyme-responsive nanoparticles (termed PRNPs) composed RGD modified RNPs) covered cleavable PEG chains. CEL-loaded PRNPs (CEL-PRNPs) dually target derived from patients RA via an RGD-αvβ3 integrin interaction after cleavage by matrix metalloprotease 9, leading increased these cells. In adjuvant-induced rat model, have joint-specific distribution CEL-PRNPs efficiently reduce number within joints. Additionally, rats advanced go into remission bone erosion repair negligible side effects treatment. These findings indicate potential for targeting chemotherapy-induced treatment arthritis.

Language: Английский

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Bacterial Sphingomyelinases and Phospholipases as Virulence Factors

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 80(3), P. 597 - 628

Published: June 16, 2016

Bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases are a heterogeneous group of esterases which usually surface associated or secreted by wide variety Gram-positive Gram-negative bacteria. These enzymes hydrolyze sphingomyelin glycerophospholipids, respectively, generating products identical to the ones produced eukaryotic play crucial roles in distinct physiological processes, including membrane dynamics, cellular signaling, migration, growth, death. Several bacterial essential for virulence extracellular, facultative, obligate intracellular pathogens, as these contribute phagosomal escape maturation avoidance, favoring tissue colonization, infection establishment progression, immune response evasion. This work presents classification proposal that considers not only their enzymatic activities but also structural aspects. An overview main physiopathological is provided each enzyme type, examples inactivation sphingomyelinase- phospholipase-encoding gene impairs pathogen. The identification important pathogenesis development inhibitors could generate candidate vaccines therapeutic agents, will diminish impacts human animal diseases.

Language: Английский

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Macrophages: sentinels and regulators of the immune system

Cellular Microbiology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 18(4), P. 475 - 487

Published: Feb. 16, 2016

The important role of macrophages in host defense against a variety pathogens has long been recognized and documented reviewed numerous publications. Recently, it become clear that tissue are not entirely derived from monocytes, as assumed for time, but rather show an ontogenetic dichotomy most tissues: while part the major subset is prenatally seeded yolk sac. latter shows remarkable longevity maintained by self-renewal adult animal. This paradigm shift poses interesting questions: these two macrophage subsets functionally equivalent cells recruited into at different development stages, or both discrete cell types with distinct functions, which have to exist side side? Is functional specialization can be observed due their lineage anatomical niche? review will give overview about what we know ontogeny discuss influence location on specialization.

Language: Английский

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Nitric Oxide in Macrophage Immunometabolism: Hiding in Plain Sight

Metabolites, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10(11), P. 429 - 429

Published: Oct. 26, 2020

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a soluble endogenous gas with various biological functions like signaling, and working as an effector molecule or metabolic regulator. In response to inflammatory signals, immune myeloid cells, macrophages, increase production of cytokines NO, which important for pathogen killing. Under these proinflammatory circumstances, called “M1”, macrophages undergo series changes including rewiring their tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Here, we review findings indicating that through its interaction heme non-heme metal containing proteins, together components the electron transport chain, not only regulator cell respiration, but also modulator intracellular metabolism. Moreover, diverse effects NO NO-derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS) involve precise interactions different targets depending on concentration, temporal, spatial restrictions. Although role in macrophage reprogramming has been evidence some time, current models have largely minimized importance. It has, therefore, hiding plain sight. A chemical properties past biochemical studies, recent publications, necessitates mechanisms TCA during stimulation must be re-imagined re-interpreted mechanistic results exposure. The revised model describe here incorporates many early regarding biochemistry brings out forefront immunometabolism.

Language: Английский

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Superoxide Anion Chemistry—Its Role at the Core of the Innate Immunity

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 24(3), P. 1841 - 1841

Published: Jan. 17, 2023

Classically, superoxide anion O

Language: Английский

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