Current Challenges of Vaccination in Fish Health Management

Animals, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 14(18), P. 2692 - 2692

Published: Sept. 16, 2024

Vaccination is an essential method of immunological preventive care required for the health management all animals, including fish. More particularly, immunization necessary in-land aquaculture to manage diseases in fish broodstocks and healthy seed production. According latest statistics 2020, 90.3 million tons capture fishery production was achieved from sector. Out above, 78.8 were marine water sectors, 11.5 inland sectors. About a 4% decline 2020 comparison 2018 On other hand, digestive protein content, fats, nutritional values products are comparatively more affordable than meat sources. In 2014, about 10% aquatic cultured animals lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccination fish, especially broodstocks, one approaches stop such Fish vaccines consist whole-killed pathogens, subunits, recombinant proteins, DNA, or live-attenuated vaccines. Challenges persist adaption sector, route administration, use effective adjuvants, and, most importantly, lack results. The autogenous vaccines; via intramuscular, intraperitoneal, oral routes; adding feed using top dressing methods as constituent now emerging. These will lower risk antibiotics by reducing environmental contamination.

Language: Английский

Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis probiotics supports health and gut microbiome in barramundi (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790)

Aquaculture, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 741815 - 741815

Published: Oct. 1, 2024

Language: Английский