Source pools and disharmony of the world's island floras

Ecography, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 44(1), P. 44 - 55

Published: Sept. 22, 2020

Island disharmony refers to the biased representation of higher taxa on islands compared their mainland source regions and represents a central concept in island biology. Here, we develop generalizable framework for approximating these conduct first global assessment its underlying drivers. We compiled vascular plant species lists 178 oceanic 735 regions. Using data only, modelled turnover as function environmental geographic distance predicted proportion shared between each region. then quantified over‐ or under‐representation families individual (representational disharmony) by contrasting observed number against null model random colonization from pool, analysed effects six family‐level functional traits resulting measure. Furthermore, aggregated values representational per characterize overall taxonomic bias given flora (compositional disharmony), this second measure four biogeographical variables. Our results indicate considerable variation both within among families. Examples generally over‐represented include Urticaceae, Convolvulaceae almost all pteridophyte Other such Asteraceae Orchidaceae were under‐represented, with local peaks over‐representation known radiation hotspots. Abiotic pollination lack dispersal specialization most strongly associated an insular families, whereas other showed minor effects. With respect compositional disharmony, large, high‐elevation tended have disharmonic floras. provide important insights into taxon‐ island‐specific drivers disharmony. The proposed allows overcoming limitations previous approaches provides quantitative basis incorporating phylogenetic future studies

Language: Английский

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Colonization time on island settings: lessons from the Hawaiian and Canary Island floras

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 191(2), P. 155 - 163

Published: July 11, 2019

Abstract Molecular dating offers a tool for inferring the time of divergence between two lineages. In this study, we discuss how dated molecular reconstructions are informative different, albeit often intermingled, estimates with regard to fundamental process in island biogeography: colonization (TIC). We illustrate stem age provide information on extant lineage and their closest relatives (i.e. onset differentiation). Such estimates, however, typically poor TIC predictors, as they strongly affected by spatial temporal uncertainty, particularly cases deep ages. Crown ages endemic lineages, contrast, situ diversification, may represent better proxy when associated uncertainty is taken into account. Thus, geographic distance separating mainland lineages phylogenetic/phylogeographic key factors determining reliability these proxies TIC. show times can be used investigate biogeographic patterns well-studied oceanic archipelagos: Hawaii Canary Islands. A compilation nearly one-third plant each archipelago reveals that Canarian exhibit significantly younger mean crown (2.1 ± 2.4 Myr) than Hawaiian (3.5 2.9 Myr), despite substrates being much older archipelago. postulate pattern suggests: (1) more important role submerged islands during Hawaii, (2) higher taxon turnover Canaries, mediated relatively young (Mediterranean) probably facilitated combination high incidence extinction last 5 Myr close proximity source areas compared Hawaii.

Language: Английский

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Polyploidy on Islands: Its Emergence and Importance for Diversification

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 12

Published: March 4, 2021

Whole genome duplication or polyploidy is widespread among floras globally, but traditionally has been thought to have played a minor role in the evolution of island biodiversity, based on low proportion polyploid taxa present. We investigate five systems (Juan Fernández, Galápagos, Canary Islands, Hawaiian and New Zealand) test whether (i) enhances hinders diversification islands (ii) an intrinsic feature lineage attribute that emerges environments. These are diverse their origins, geographic latitudinal distributions, levels plant species endemism (37% Galapagos 88% Islands), ploidy levels, taken together representative more generally. compiled data for vascular plants summarized information each genus system, including total number (native endemic), generic endemicity, chromosome numbers, size, levels. Dated phylogenies were used infer age, colonization events, change level relative non-island sister lineage. Using phylogenetic path analysis, we then tested how endemic lineages varied with direct indirect effects (presence polyploidy, time island, polyploidization near colonization, colonizer pool size) other traits not associated (time repeat colonization). Diploid tetraploid most common across all islands, highest (>8x) recorded Islands (12x) Zealand (20x). Overall, found our focal was shaped by many cases certainly others still be detected considering lack lineages. Polyploid speciation enhanced larger source potential congeneric colonists compared overseas taxa.

Language: Английский

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Phylogeny of Hawaiian Melicope (Rutaceae): RAD-seq Resolves Species Relationships and Reveals Ancient Introgression

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Sept. 17, 2019

Hawaiian Melicope are one of the major adaptive radiations Islands comprising 54 endemic species. The lineage is monophyletic with an estimated crown age predating rise current high islands. Phylogenetic inference based on Sanger sequencing has not been sufficient to resolve species or deeper level relationships. Here, we apply restriction site-associated DNA (RAD-seq) infer phylogenetic We employ Quartet Sampling assess information content and statistical support, quantify discordance as well partitioned ABBA-BABA tests uncover evidence introgression. Our new results drastically improved resolution relationships within Melicope. divided into five fully supported main clades, two which correspond morphologically circumscribed infrageneric groups. provide for both ancestral hybridization events. confirm necessity a taxonomic revision section Pelea, re-evaluation several complexes by combining genomic morphological data.

Language: Английский

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Hawai‘i forest review: Synthesizing the ecology, evolution, and conservation of a model system

Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 52, P. 125631 - 125631

Published: Aug. 8, 2021

As the most remote archipelago in world, Hawaiian Islands are home to a highly endemic and disharmonic biota that has fascinated biologists for centuries. Forests dominant terrestrial biome Hawai'i, spanning complex, heterogeneous climates across substrates vary tremendously age, soil structure, nutrient availability. Species richness is low forests compared other tropical forests, as consequence of dispersal limitation from continents adaptive radiations only some lineages, dominated by widespread Metrosideros species complex. Low provides relatively tractable model system studies community assembly, local adaptation, interactions. Moreover, provide insights into predicted patterns evolution on islands, revealing while evidence supports "island syndromes," there exceptions them all. For example, plants not whole less defended against herbivores, dispersible, more conservative resource use, or slow-growing than their continental relatives. Clearly, work needed understand drivers, sources, constraints phenotypic variation among species, including both rare role this ecological evolutionary processes, which will further contribute conservation unique biota. Today, threatened globally. Resource management failures – proliferation non-native particular have led devastating declines native taxa resulted dominance novel assemblages. Conservation restoration now rely managing threats climate change, ongoing introductions, pathogens, lost mutualists, altered ecosystem dynamics through use diverse tools strategies grounded basic ecological, evolutionary, biocultural principles. The future thus depends synthesis research, continue inform practices.

Language: Английский

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Insect Radiations on Islands: Biogeographic Pattern and Evolutionary Process in Hawaiian Insects

The Quarterly Review of Biology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 96(4), P. 247 - 296

Published: Dec. 1, 2021

The spectacular adaptive radiations on the Hawaiian Islands offer tantalizing possibility of ascertaining predictability evolution, especially with regard to how archipelago's dynamic geology suggests a priori hypotheses for evolutionary pattern and process. In past two decades advances in sequencing phylogenetics have shed new light evolution this model fauna. Here, we provide an overview recent research major endemic insect radiations. We find that, contrast earlier views, substantial fraction clades colonized archipelago prior formation current high islands (5.1 Ma) persisted through one or more rounds island subsidence emergence archipelago. Many show elements progression rule, null expectation where biogeographic patterns phylogeny mirror chronological sequence formation, but few match its predictions exactly. Diversity most is shaped by complicated interplay among-island dispersal within-island diversification. Finally, positive relationship between clade age species richness insects, great deal variance that likely explained aspects ecology clade-specific factors.

Language: Английский

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Facilitating Reforestation Through the Plant Microbiome: Perspectives from the Phyllosphere

Annual Review of Phytopathology, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 60(1), P. 337 - 356

Published: May 19, 2022

Tree planting and natural regeneration contribute to the ongoing effort restore Earth's forests. Our review addresses how plant microbiome can enhance survival of planted naturally regenerating seedlings serve in long-term forest carbon capture conservation biodiversity. We focus on fungal leaf endophytes, ubiquitous defensive symbionts that protect against pathogens. first show oomycetous pathogen richness varies greatly for tree species native United States (n = 0-876 known pathogens per US species), with nearly half either without these major groups or unknown Endophytes are insurance poorly changing threat Next, we studies phyllosphere feedback, but knowledge gaps prevent us from evaluating whether adding conspecific litter promotes symbiosis, analogous soil promote positive feedback. Finally, discuss research priorities integrating into efforts expand

Language: Английский

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Diversification of HawaiianCyrtandra(Gesneriaceae) under the influence of incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization

Journal of Systematics and Evolution, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 57(6), P. 561 - 578

Published: June 5, 2019

Abstract Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) is a genus of flowering plants with over 800 species distributed throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. On Hawaiian Islands, 60 named 89 putative hybrids exist, most which are identified on basis morphology. Despite many previous studies lineage, questions regarding reconciliation morphology genetics remain, can be attributed to relatively young age evidence hybridization between species. We utilized targeted enrichment, high‐throughput sequencing, modern phylogenomics tools test 31 samples (22 species, two hybrids, four each, one samples) outgroups for relationships in presence incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Both concatenated species‐tree methods were used reconstruct relationships, network analyses conducted hybridization. expected see high levels ILS intermediate their parent Phylogenies reconstructed from highly incongruent, likely due sorting. Network inferred gene flow within this but not always taxa that we expected. Multiple hybridizations inferred, deeper branches island lineages suggesting long history demonstrated utility sequencing phylogenomic approach using 569 loci understanding ILS.

Language: Английский

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The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world

Mediterranean Botany, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 45(2), P. e92333 - e92333

Published: May 20, 2024

This paper presents an updated overview of the world’s biogeographical realms and regions in terrestrial domain. It incorporates new data on floristic vegetation aspects, along with recent regional information, which has emerged decades following influential maps created by A. Takhtajan R. Good. We elucidate various biogeographic scales, ranging from kingdoms to districts, outline specific criteria that define them. delve into used for characterizing regions, a particular focus their content, evolutionary background, patterns, expressed through biomes subbiomes. Additionally, we discuss climatic conditions variability within between these units. Our study identifies six 42 are recognized entire planet provides concise summary each

Language: Английский

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Insights into the Evolutionary History of the Hawaiian Bidens (Asteraceae) Adaptive Radiation Revealed Through Phylogenomics

Journal of Heredity, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 111(1), P. 119 - 137

Published: Nov. 1, 2019

Hawaiian plant radiations often result in lineages with exceptionally high species richness and extreme morphological ecological differentiation. However, they typically display low levels of genetic variation, hindering the use classic DNA markers to resolve their evolutionary histories. Here we utilize a phylogenomic approach generate first generally well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis for evolution Bidens (Asteraceae) adaptive radiation, including refined initial colonization divergence time estimates. We sequenced chloroplast genome (plastome) nuclear ribosomal complex 18 19 endemic 4 outgroup species. Phylogenomic analyses based on concatenated dataset (plastome nuclear) resulted identical Bayesian Maximum Likelihood trees statistical support at most nodes. Estimates from dating were similar across datasets, crown group emerging ~1.76-1.82 Mya. Biogeographic datasets indicated that within Islands followed progression rule 67-80% events older younger islands, while only 53% plastome analysis. find strong evidence nuclear-plastome conflict indicating potentially important role hybridization group. incomplete lineage sorting cannot be ruled out due small number independent loci analyzed. This study contributes new insights into relationships biogeographic history explosive radiation.

Language: Английский

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