Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
120(32)
Published: July 31, 2023
In
plants,
host-pathogen
coevolution
often
manifests
in
reciprocal,
adaptive
genetic
changes
through
variations
host
nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich
repeat
immune
receptors
(NLRs)
and
virulence-promoting
pathogen
effectors.
grass
powdery
mildew
(PM)
fungi,
an
extreme
expansion
of
a
RNase-like
effector
family,
termed
RALPH,
dominates
the
repertoire,
with
some
members
recognized
as
avirulence
(AVR)
effectors
by
cereal
NLR
receptors.
We
report
structures
sequence-unrelated
barley
PM
AVR
Plants,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
12(19), P. 3380 - 3380
Published: Sept. 25, 2023
Stomata
are
crucial
structures
in
plants
that
play
a
primary
role
the
infection
process
during
pathogen’s
attack,
as
they
act
points
of
access
for
invading
pathogens
to
enter
host
tissues.
Recent
evidence
has
revealed
stomata
integral
plant
defense
system
and
can
actively
impede
by
triggering
responses.
interact
with
diverse
pathogen
virulence
factors,
granting
them
capacity
influence
susceptibility
resistance.
Moreover,
recent
studies
focusing
on
environmental
microbial
regulation
stomatal
closure
opening
have
shed
light
epidemiology
bacterial
diseases
plants.
Bacteria
fungi
induce
using
pathogen-associated
molecular
patterns
(PAMPs),
effectively
preventing
entry
through
these
openings
positioning
critical
component
plant’s
innate
immune
system;
however,
despite
this
mechanism,
some
microorganisms
evolved
strategies
overcome
protection.
Interestingly,
research
supports
hypothesis
caused
PAMPs
may
function
more
robust
barrier
against
than
previously
believed.
On
other
hand,
is
also
regulated
factors
such
abscisic
acid
Ca2+-permeable
channels,
which
will
be
discussed
review.
Therefore,
review
aims
discuss
various
roles
biotic
abiotic
stress,
insects
water
specific
context
their
evading
defense,
subverting
resistance,
overcoming
challenges
faced
infectious
propagules.
These
must
navigate
tissues
counteract
constitutive
inducible
resistance
mechanisms,
making
an
essential
area
study.
Journal of Fungi,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
11(1), P. 25 - 25
Published: Jan. 1, 2025
Since
the
domestication
of
plants,
pathogenic
fungi
have
consistently
threatened
crop
production,
evolving
genetically
to
develop
increased
virulence
under
various
selection
pressures.
Understanding
their
evolutionary
trends
is
crucial
for
predicting
and
designing
control
measures
against
future
disease
outbreaks.
This
paper
reviews
evolution
fungal
pathogens
from
natural
habitats
agricultural
settings,
focusing
on
eight
significant
phytopathogens:
Pyricularia
oryzae,
Botrytis
cinerea,
Puccinia
spp.,
Fusarium
graminearum,
F.
oxysporum,
Blumeria
graminis,
Zymoseptoria
tritici,
Colletotrichum
spp.
Also,
we
explore
mechanism
used
understand
in
these
fungi.
The
studied
evolved
agroecosystems
through
either
(1)
introduction
elsewhere;
or
(2)
local
origins
involving
co-evolution
with
host
shifts,
genetic
variations
within
existing
strains.
Genetic
variation,
generated
via
sexual
recombination
asexual
mechanisms,
often
drives
pathogen
evolution.
While
rare
mainly
occurs
at
center
origin
pathogen,
mechanisms
such
as
mutations,
parasexual
recombination,
horizontal
gene
chromosome
transfer,
chromosomal
structural
are
predominant.
Farming
practices
like
mono-cropping
resistant
cultivars
prolonged
use
fungicides
same
mode
action
can
drive
emergence
new
pathotypes.
Furthermore,
range
does
not
necessarily
impact
adaptation
Although
halting
impractical,
its
pace
be
slowed
by
managing
selective
pressures,
optimizing
farming
practices,
enforcing
quarantine
regulations.
study
has
been
transformed
advancements
molecular
biology,
genomics,
bioinformatics,
utilizing
methods
next-generation
sequencing,
comparative
transcriptomics
population
genomics.
However,
continuous
research
remains
essential
monitor
how
evolve
over
time
proactive
strategies
that
mitigate
agriculture.
PLoS Pathogens,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
21(1), P. e1012799 - e1012799
Published: Jan. 7, 2025
Wheat
production
is
threatened
by
multiple
fungal
pathogens,
such
as
the
wheat
powdery
mildew
fungus
(
Blumeria
graminis
f.
sp.
tritici
,
Bgt
).
resistance
breeding
frequently
relies
on
use
of
R
)
genes
that
encode
diverse
immune
receptors
which
detect
specific
avirulence
AVR
effectors
and
subsequently
induce
an
response.
While
gene
cloning
has
accelerated
recently,
identification
in
many
pathogens
including
lags
behind,
preventing
pathogen-informed
deployment
sources.
Here
we
describe
a
new
“avirulence
depletion
(AD)
assay”
for
rapid
.
This
assay
selection
segregating,
haploid
F1
progeny
population
resistant
host,
followed
bulk
sequencing,
thereby
allowing
candidate
with
high
mapping
resolution.
In
proof-of-concept
experiment
mapped
component
receptor
Pm3a
to
25
kb
genomic
interval
harboring
single
effector,
previously
described
AvrPm3
a2/f2
Subsequently,
applied
AD
map
unknown
effector
recognized
Pm60
receptor.
We
show
AvrPm60
encoded
three
tandemly
arrayed,
nearly
identical
trigger
response
upon
co-expression
its
alleles
Pm60a
Pm60b
furthermore
provide
evidence
outperforms
through
more
efficient
recognition
effectors,
suggesting
it
should
be
prioritized
breeding.
Finally,
virulence
towards
caused
simultaneous
deletion
all
paralogs
isolates
lacking
are
especially
prevalent
US
limiting
potential
this
region.
The
powerful
tool
inexpensive
contribute
decisions
novel
regionally
tailored
deployment.
Plants,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(1), P. 138 - 138
Published: Jan. 4, 2024
Mlo
is
a
well-known
broad-spectrum
recessively
inherited
monogenic
durable
resistance
to
powdery
mildew
caused
by
Blumeria
hordei
found
first
in
barley,
originally
an
induced
mutant
1942
and
later
other
mutants
also
Ethiopian
landraces.
The
commercial
varieties
possessing
were
released
during
1979–1986,
but
these
often
showed
symptoms
of
necrotic
leaf
spotting
associated
with
reduced
grain
yield.
However,
this
yield
penalty
was
successfully
breeding
Mlo-resistant
spring
barley
predominate
Europe;
for
example,
the
Czech
Republic,
their
ratio
surpassed
90%
total
number
newly
varieties.
outside
Europe,
Mlo-varieties
are
not
yet
popular
can
be
exploited
more
widely.
Winter
generally
non-resistant,
use
controversial
despite
limited
adaptability
pathogen
resistance.
renewal
mechanically
disturbed
epidermal
plant
cell
walls,
including
penetration
mildews,
common
plants,
Mlo-type
many
crop
species,
wheat.
Molecular Plant Pathology,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(5)
Published: May 1, 2024
The
barley
powdery
mildew
fungus,
Blumeria
hordei
(Bh),
secretes
hundreds
of
candidate
secreted
effector
proteins
(CSEPs)
to
facilitate
pathogen
infection
and
colonization.
One
these,
CSEP0008,
is
directly
recognized
by
the
nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich-repeat
(NLR)
receptor
MLA1
therefore
designated
AVR
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
71(47), P. 18292 - 18300
Published: Sept. 22, 2023
Scaffold
hopping
strategy
has
become
one
of
the
most
successful
methods
in
process
molecular
design.
Seeking
to
develop
novel
succinate
dehydrogenase
inhibitors
(SDHIs),
we
employed
a
scaffold
design
compounds
featuring
geminate
dichloralkenes
(gem-dichloralkenes)
fragment.
After
stepwise
modifications,
series
N-cyclopropyl-dichloralkenes-pyrazole-carboxamide
derivatives
was
synthesized.
Among
them,
G28
(IC50
=
26.00
nM)
and
G40
27.00
were
identified
as
best
inhibitory
activity
against
porcine
SDH,
with
IC50
values
reaching
nanomolar
range,
outperforming
lead
compound
pydiflumetofen.
Additionally,
greenhouse
assay
indicated
that
G37
(EC90
0.031
mg/L)
G34
1.67
displayed
extremely
high
activities
wheat
powdery
mildew
(WPM)
cucumber
(CPM),
respectively.
Computational
results
further
revealed
gem-dichloralkene
fragment
fluorine
substituted
pyrazole
form
an
extra
hydrophobic
interaction
dipolar-dipolar
SDH.
In
summary,
our
study
provides
outstanding
fungicidal
properties,
obtained
through
hopping,
holds
great
potential
for
future
research
on
PM
control.
Mobile DNA,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
14(1)
Published: Nov. 15, 2023
The
genome
of
the
obligate
biotrophic
phytopathogenic
barley
powdery
mildew
fungus
Blumeria
hordei
is
inflated
due
to
highly
abundant
and
possibly
active
transposable
elements
(TEs).
In
absence
otherwise
common
repeat-induced
point
mutation
transposon
defense
mechanism,
noncoding
RNAs
could
be
key
for
regulating
activity
TEs
coding
genes
during
pathogenic
life
cycle.We
performed
time-course
whole-transcriptome
shotgun
sequencing
(RNA-seq)
total
RNA
derived
from
infected
leaf
epidermis
at
various
stages
fungal
pathogenesis
observed
significant
transcript
accumulation
time
point-dependent
regulation
in
B.
hordei.
Using
a
manually
curated
consensus
database
344
TEs,
we
discovered
phased
small
mapping
104
transposons,
suggesting
that
interference
contributes
significantly
their
regulation.
Further,
identified
5,127
long
(lncRNAs)
genome-wide
hordei,
which
823
originated
antisense
strand
TE.
Co-expression
network
analysis
lncRNAs,
throughout
asexual
cycle
points
extensive
positive
negative
co-regulation
subsets
genes.Our
work
suggests
similar
mammals
plants,
lncRNAs
support
dynamic
modulation
levels,
including
pivotal
host
infection.
may
transcriptional
diversity
plasticity
amid
loss
fungi
give
rise
novel
regulatory
virulence
peptides,
thus
representing
drivers
rapid
evolutionary
adaptation
promote
pathogenicity
overcome
defense.
Frontiers in Fungal Biology,
Journal Year:
2023,
Volume and Issue:
4
Published: June 30, 2023
Advances
in
genomics
and
transcriptomics
accompanying
the
rapid
accumulation
of
omics
data
have
provided
new
tools
that
transformed
expanded
traditional
concepts
model
fungi.
Evolutionary
flourished
with
use
classical
newer
fungal
models
facilitate
study
diverse
topics
encompassing
biology
development.
Technological
advances
also
created
opportunity
to
obtain
mine
large
datasets.
One
such
continuously
growing
dataset
is
Sordariomycetes,
which
exhibit
a
richness
species,
ecological
diversity,
economic
importance,
profound
research
history
on
amenable
models.
Currently,
3,574
species
this
class
been
sequenced,
comprising
nearly
one-third
available
ascomycete
genomes.
Among
these
genomes,
multiple
representatives
genera
New Phytologist,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 8, 2025
Summary
Powdery
mildew
is
an
economically
important
disease
caused
by
c
.
1000
different
fungal
species.
Erysiphe
vaccinii
emerging
powdery
species
that
impacting
the
blueberry
industry.
Once
confined
to
North
America,
E.
now
spreading
rapidly
across
major
blueberry‐growing
regions,
including
China,
Morocco,
Mexico,
and
USA,
threatening
millions
in
losses.
This
study
documents
its
recent
global
spread
analyzing
both
herbarium
specimens,
some
over
150‐yr‐old,
fresh
samples
collected
world‐wide.
Our
findings
were
integrated
into
a
‘living
phylogeny’
via
T‐BAS
simplify
pathogen
identification
enable
rapid
responses
new
outbreaks.
We
identified
50
haplotypes,
two
primary
introductions
world‐wide,
revealed
shift
from
generalist
specialist
pathogen.
research
provides
insights
complexities
of
host
specialization
highlights
need
address
this
threat
production.
