Managing Agroecosystems for Soil Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency: Ecological Unknowns, Potential Outcomes, and a Path Forward

Frontiers in Microbiology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: May 24, 2019

Agricultural systems are increasingly managed for improving soil carbon (C) accumulation. However, there limits to C returns in agricultural that constrain accumulation capacity. Increasing the efficiency of how microbes process is gaining interest as an important management strategy increasing and a key feature dynamics many new microbial-explicit models. A higher microbial use (CUE) may increase storage while reducing system losses fundamental trait affecting community assembly nutrient cycling. numerous ecological unknowns influencing CUE limit our ability effectively manage soils greater storage. In this perspective, we consider three complex drivers agroecosystem need be resolved develop effective sequestration practices future: (1) environment individual moderator versus filter, (2) competitive faciliatory interactions, (3) spatiotemporal through profile across lifecycle. We highlight ways amendments, crop rotations, tillage might affect conditions variable outcomes these practices. argue resolve some dynamics, include more mechanistic, trait-based approaches capitalize on advanced methods innovative field research designs within agroecosystem-specific context. By identifying management-level determinants expression, will better positioned optimize systems.

Language: Английский

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Secondary foundation species enhance biodiversity

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 2(4), P. 634 - 639

Published: March 2, 2018

Language: Английский

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Facilitation in communities: underlying mechanisms, community and ecosystem implications

Functional Ecology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 30(1), P. 3 - 9

Published: Jan. 1, 2016

Facilitation (positive interactions among organisms) in communities has been the subject of increasing interest for community ecologists since mid-nineties (Fig. 1), although this is a pioneer core concept theory, proposed 100 years before issue by Clements (1916), as main driving biotic mechanism plant succession. However, it was neglected most decades due to overwhelming popularity at that time individualistic (Gleason 1926; Whittaker 1956) and competition theories (Grime 1974; Tilman 1982). Until mid-nineties, far studied interaction, particular (see Fig. 1: more than 90% studies published concerned only competition). evidence facilitation experiments conducted severe conditions from marine intertidal terrestrial environments, Bertness & Callaway (1994) conceptual model where switches with environmental severity. Since then, during following two decades, never ceased increase currently 76% concerns During first half period emergence an important research area, number evidenced multiple ecosystem implications (Callaway 1995, 1997, 1998; Pugnaire, Haase Puigdefábregas 1996; Walker 1997; Hacker Gaines Holmgren, Scheffer Huston Brooker Callaghan Stachowicz 2001; Bruno, 2003; Lortie et al. 2004; Armas Pugnaire 2005; 2006; Padilla 2006), many empirical focused on experimental test (e.g. Luque 2002; but see 2007 2008 reviews). became well-established phenomenon. strong controversy questioned 2005 importance dry environments and, thus, validity Stress Gradient Hypothesis (Maestre, Valladares Reynolds Michalet 2006, 2007; Maestre 2009; Armas, Rodríguez-Echeverría 2011). This followed publication other alternative models SGH, proposing collapse extremely stressful (Michalet 2014a; Xiao Holmgren 2010; Verwijmeren 2013; Le Bagousse-Pinguet 2014a). At refinement, European Science Foundation meeting held Arcachon (France) conclusions which were collected highly cited (Brooker 2008; 1). (2008) also highlighted several key issues developing future basis BES symposium organized 2009 Aberdeen subsequent special Journal Ecology The goal open new directions, actively develop links fields would profit, such evolutionary ecology, restoration ecology sciences. field moved incredibly fast There have novel recent advances, assessment consequences 2011; Thorpe Butterfield 2013), feedback effects between facilitator facilitated species Schöb 2014a,b,c), functional Schöb, 2012; 2013) or below-ground organisms Hortal 2013). Several meta-analyses theoretical further analysed relevance SGH contrasting results (He, Altieri He 2014; 2014a,b; Soliveres Soliveres, Smit 2015; 2015). Pakeman (2009) asked after symposium, we believe will soon reach kind maturity, beyond confrontations simple picture greater (Semchenko 2016). As Grime-Tilman debate eighties early nineties, are now aware no single may explain occurrence disappearance along gradients. Nature much complex our models, rather keep deepen knowledge mechanisms their implications. Special Feature go back basics facilitation, trying review (papers 1–4), structure 5–8) functions services 9 10). complements journal 2013 (Robinson, Trinder authors represent large panel specialists positive ecological communities, extend group researchers. preparation Issue closely aligned Baeza (Spain) September 2014, acknowledge all participants helpful comments certainly improved quality Feature. (2016) address one contentious debates surrounding stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), relationship water limitation facilitation. mentioned above, topic hotly debated 2005. take here close look role soil moisture mediating plant–plant interactions. By assessing climate texture process using empirically parameterized model, simulated dynamics beneath shrubs gaps data 1000 sites Western United States. They found difference under decreased aridity when long-term average considered, contrary expectations based SGH. extreme shrub greatest intermediate points spatial gradient, consistent hump-backed 2010). These suggest predictable, highlight accounting temporal heterogeneity determining plant–soil relationships. Rather focusing predictions, be beneficial explicitly incorporate into predictive interaction outcome drylands. In related paper, Metz Tielbörger modifying impact change communities. magnitude even direction response changes – gradients remains debated, especially limited ecosystems. Unfortunately, mechanistic manipulations rare compared correlative approaches infer patterns observations climatic gradients, predictions these range aridification. argue methodology used greatly affect outcome. use unique combined large-scale, whether about yield similar manipulations, variation. assessed shrub–annual three different 27 natural rainfall (spatial) varying (temporal) 8 wet ambient (experimental) mimicked regional scenarios. differed approaches. Experimental hardly altered annual Along shifted clearly negative mildly facilitative towards drier sites, whereas variations showed opposite trend: years. Based approach, conclude shrub-annual remain unaltered climates. conclusion contrasts suggestion made space-for-time should change. Long-term appear critical evaluating impacts. misleading, overestimating Despite growing microbiota fitness dynamics, little explored date. Rodríguez-Echeverría, Lozano Bardgett synthesize scant available effect nurse plants abundance, composition activity microbial addressing nurses beneficiary species. Evidence suggests promote larger, differentiated high activity, dominance competitive bacteria larger mycorrhizal networks, adjacent soils without nurses. Such establishment, growth through variety mechanisms, including increased nutrient availability, stabilization niche complementarity, direct molecular signalling microbes defence Although mounting, there still few draw general conclusions. its infancy, needed understand precise they influence plants. date primarily plants, often neglecting extended cascade networks. Lortie, Filazolla Sotomayor propose framework explores roles interacting species, quantitatively summarize current state examining A examined animals benefactor-subordinate association. Selecting 36 documented interactions, generated total 53 independent instances either shrub–plant–animal shrub–animal–plant split indirect animals. Hypotheses frequently tested included seed trapping, herbivore protection, magnet pollination facilitation-mediated secondary dispersal. common protection herbivory, animal associated plant-facilitation complexes consumer. multitrophic, integrated sets incorporating advancing management high-stress ecosystems wherein commonly reported. set papers focuses diversity ranging alpine arctic general. best known (Hacker Lázaro 2000; Cavieres Badano 2009). patch level, comparing within patches vs. away them areas, 2014). Issue, literature dominated cushion forms, show community-level cases some systems dominant measured level. Indeed, if add present areas high-stress- disturbance-intolerance, whole (cushions + areas) presence Additionally, stronger impoverished local diversity, suggesting acts insurance policy harsh environments. study highlights scale studies, patchy ecosystems, very frequent arid Tewksbury Lloyd 2001). another Bräthen contribution depending height tundra. Across wide biomass (11–800 g m−2), both stressed relatively benign conditions, observed Norway humped-back richness/biomass theory 1973; Fraser Increasing significantly richness showing canopies occurs conditions. result because contribute shaping curve not absent weak 2006). expected mediated changing neighbour gradient. words, tallest neighbours mid-sized mid-position Finally, become too short any (Le 2014b). comparisons needed, interesting might ubiquitous originally thought argued McIntire Fajardo (2014). physical induced can dependent could overwhelm Levine 1999; 2015a,b). Building facilitation-expanded (2003), Bulleri explore particular, broadening niches potential overlap competitors, net diversity. realized depend trade-off fundamental expansion competitors predators determine intensity assess niche-broadening responses Facilitated benefactors. Feedback poorly addressed (but 1996), call (Bronstein 2009), 2014a,b,c). Most effects. Using base (2013), (2014) (2014a,b), additional survey north-western China, grasses higher forbs legumes. strength grass mesic sites. ideas (sensu 2016) legumes All network selective pressures ultimately eco-evolutionary stability (Bascompte, Jordano Olesen Whitham Bronstein Kéfi, focus stable states level organisms, connection rarely gap, asking lead states, hence stage catastrophic transitions tipping getting clearer understanding species-level ecosystem-level shifts investigating networks abiotic environment, merging Therefore, need integration decade (2003). better essential smart (and prevention shifts) (the trigger loops). Knowledge final paper emerging problem derived agricultural intensification, reductions farmland biodiversity. Ecological applied agriculture enable biodiversity conservation farmlands whilst pressing food security. Obvious examples intercropping systems, combinations crop circumstances allow reduced inputs agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides) per unit yield, knock-on benefits conservation. Other processes play Increased genetic help protect crops pests diseases. overlooked research, involved operate analogous manner associational against herbivores, well recognized literature. intercropping, nature arise pesticide harvested crop. Our arising work lessons semi-natural easy identify quantify non-crop deserve consideration. emphasize deliver sustainable practices. being fully comprehensive overview numerous underlying relevant topics are, example, phylogenetic hot Al Hayek provides science. sheds light variation historically dominated, sometimes excessively, For modelling comparative incredible complexity dependency types data. section revealed aspects relation trophic levels, micro-organisms two-first second (community implications) ubiquity types. contrast, last fitness, how crucial improving sustainability efficiency greener world. Twenty modern shows vitality potential. We amplify likely relationships diversities deserves 2015c). New efforts invested analyses. improve change, infancy Anthelme, Dangles thank International University Andalucia (UNIA) hosting partly funding 2014 workshop Baeza, Spain, discussed. grateful vivid discussions, helped papers. Ken Thompson David Robinson manuscript.

Language: Английский

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Community-level cohesion without cooperation

eLife, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 5

Published: June 16, 2016

Recent work draws attention to community-community encounters ("coalescence") as likely an important factor shaping natural ecosystems. This builds on MacArthur's classic model of competitive coexistence investigate such community-level competition in a minimal theoretical setting. It is shown that the ability species survive coalescence event best predicted by "fitness" its native community rather than intrinsic performance itself. The presented here allows formalizing macroscopic perspective whereby harboring organisms at varying abundances becomes equivalent single organism expressing genes different levels. While most communities do not satisfy strict criteria multicellularity developed multi-level selection theory, effective cohesion described generic consequence division labor, requires no cooperative interactions, and can be expected widespread microbial

Language: Английский

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Walking the thin line… ten years later: the dilemma of above- versus below-ground features to support phylogenies in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota)

Fungal Diversity, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 89(1), P. 267 - 292

Published: March 1, 2018

Language: Английский

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Microenvironment and functional-trait context dependence predict alpine plant community dynamics

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 106(4), P. 1323 - 1337

Published: June 17, 2018

Abstract Predicting the structure and dynamics of communities is difficult. Approaches linking functional traits to niche boundaries, species co‐occurrence demography are promising, but have so far had limited success. We hypothesized that predictability in community ecology could be improved by incorporating more accurate measures fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity context‐dependent function traits. tested these hypotheses using long term whole‐community data from an alpine plant Colorado. Species distributions along microenvironmental gradients covaried with important for below‐ground processes. Positive associations between across life stages not explained abiotic microenvironment alone, consistent facilitative Rates growth, survival, fecundity recruitment were predicted direct interactive effects trait, microenvironment, macroenvironment neighbourhood axes. Synthesis . Context‐dependent interactions multiple axes needed predict dynamics.

Language: Английский

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Spatial scale and intraspecific trait variability mediate assembly rules in alpine grasslands

Journal of Ecology, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 105(1), P. 277 - 287

Published: Sept. 6, 2016

Summary Assembly of grassland communities has long been scrutinized through the lens functional diversity. Studies generally point to an overwhelming influence climate on observed patterns diversity, despite experimental evidence demonstrating importance biotic interactions. We postulate that this is because most observational studies neglect both scale dependencies assembly processes and phenotypic variation between individuals. Here, we test for changes in abiotic filtering interactions along a stress gradient by explicitly accounting different scales. In addition quantifying intraspecific trait variability (ITV), also vary two components spatial scale, including grain (i.e. community size) extent geographical area defines species pool). sampled 20 ten sites distributed 975‐m elevation gradient. At each site, measured seven traits total 2020 individuals at grains. related diversity metrics main environmental our study area, growing season length (GSL), assessed dependence these relationships grain, ITV. large extent, imprint became more important with increasing decreased shorter GSL). small found convex relationship GSL congruent hypothesis competition dominant low‐stress levels while facilitative are high‐stress high extremes gradient). Importantly, effect rules was noticeable only extent. Synthesis . Our reveals how combination shapes alpine grasslands scales, highlights phenotype fine scale. results suggest analysing trait‐based but ignoring ITV focusing single likely miss essential features patterns.

Language: Английский

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Positive biotic interactions in freshwaters: A review and research directive

Freshwater Biology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 65(4), P. 811 - 832

Published: Jan. 8, 2020

Abstract Positive interspecific interactions such as mutualism, commensalism, and facilitation are globally ubiquitous. Although research on positive in terrestrial marine systems has progressed over the past few decades, comparatively little is known about them freshwater ecosystems. However, recent advances have brought study of to a point where synthesis warranted. In this review, we catalogue variety direct described date ecosystems, discuss factors that could influence prevalence impact these interactions, provide framework for future research. organisms exchange key resources nutrients, protection, transportation, or habitat net benefit at least one participant. A mutualistic relationships received attention date, namely seed‐dispersing fishes, crayfishes their ectosymbiotic cleaners, communal‐spawning stream fishes. Similarly, only handful commensalisms been studied, primarily phoretic relationships. Facilitation via ecosystem engineering more attention, example modification by beavers bioturbation salmon. It well interaction outcomes vary with abiotic biotic context. studies examined context dependency systems. Likewise, incur costs benefits; conceptualising terms cost/benefit participants will help clarify complex interactions. likely there many yet be discovered To identify encourage inductive natural history combined hypotheses deduced from general ecological models. Research must move beyond small‐scale experiments observational adopt cross‐scale approach. progress reducing oversimplified pairwise toward studying broader community contexts. greatly overlooked applied ecology, but great potential conservation, restoration, aquaculture.

Language: Английский

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Harnessing microbial multitrophic interactions for rhizosphere microbiome engineering

Microbiological Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 265, P. 127199 - 127199

Published: Sept. 15, 2022

Language: Английский

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Eutrophication decrease compositional dissimilarity in freshwater plankton communities

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 821, P. 153434 - 153434

Published: Jan. 25, 2022

Language: Английский

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