Unique and common traits in mycorrhizal symbioses

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 18(11), P. 649 - 660

Published: July 21, 2020

Language: Английский

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A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 232(3), P. 973 - 1122

Published: Oct. 5, 2021

Summary In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact environment, ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep generating cutting‐edge, meaningful integrated knowledge. Consideration below‐ground components ecosystem studies has been consistently called for decades, but methodology is disparate sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based collective effort large team experts, will improve trait comparisons across integration information databases by providing standardised methods controlled vocabularies. It meant be used not only as starting point students scientists who desire working ecosystems, also experts consolidating broadening views multiple aspects ecology. Beyond classical compilation measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from literature provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining entities giving keys dissection, classification naming beyond fine‐root vs coarse‐root approach; (2) considering specificity produce sound laboratory field data; (3) describing typical, overlooked steps studying roots (e.g. handling, cleaning storage); (4) gathering metadata necessary interpretation results reuse. Most importantly, all traits introduced with some degree ecological that foundation understanding meaning, typical use uncertainties, methodological conceptual perspectives future research. Considering this, urge readers solely extract protocol measurements this work, take moment read reflect extensive contained broader guide ecology, including sections I–VII introductions each section description. Finally, it critical understand major aim help break down barriers between subdisciplines ecology ecophysiology, broaden researchers’ study create favourable conditions inception comprehensive experiments role functioning.

Language: Английский

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Large-scale genome sequencing of mycorrhizal fungi provides insights into the early evolution of symbiotic traits

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: Oct. 12, 2020

Mycorrhizal fungi are mutualists that play crucial roles in nutrient acquisition terrestrial ecosystems. symbioses arose repeatedly across multiple lineages of Mucoromycotina, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Considerable variation exists the capacity mycorrhizal to acquire carbon from soil organic matter. Here, we present a combined analysis 135 fungal genomes 73 saprotrophic, endophytic pathogenic species, 62 including 29 new genomes. This study samples ecologically dominant guilds for which there were previously no symbiotic available, ectomycorrhizal Russulales, Thelephorales Cantharellales. Our analyses show transitions saprotrophy symbiosis involve (1) widespread losses degrading enzymes acting on lignin cellulose, (2) co-option genes saprotrophic ancestors fulfill functions, (3) diversification novel, lineage-specific symbiosis-induced genes, (4) proliferation transposable elements (5) divergent genetic innovations underlying convergent origins guild.

Language: Английский

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The origin and evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses: from palaeomycology to phylogenomics

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 220(4), P. 1012 - 1030

Published: March 24, 2018

Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1013 II. The mycorrhizal symbiosis at the dawn and rise of land flora 1014 III. From early plants to trees: origin roots true mycorrhizas 1016 IV. diversification AM 1019 V. ECM 1021 VI. recently evolved ericoid orchid 1023 VII. Limits paleontological vs genetic approaches perspectives Acknowledgements 1025 References ability fungi form with is one most remarkable enduring adaptations life on land. occurrence now well established in c . 85% extant plants, yet geological record these associations sparse. Fossils preserved under exceptional conditions provide tantalizing glimpses into evolutionary history mycorrhizas, showing extent their aspects evolution extinct plants. fossil has important roles play establishing a chronology when key fungal understanding importance ecosystems through time. Together calibrated phylogenetic trees, extend our how groups context major environmental change global scale. Phylogenomics furthers this different types associations, genomic studies both are shedding light complex set symbiotic traits evolved. Here we present review main phases interactions from palaeontological, perspectives, aim highlighting potential material perspective cross‐disciplinary approach.

Language: Английский

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Mycorrhizal types differ in ecophysiology and alter plant nutrition and soil processes

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 94(5), P. 1857 - 1880

Published: July 3, 2019

ABSTRACT Mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants by improved mineral nutrition and protection against stress, yet information about fundamental differences among mycorrhizal types in trees their relative importance biogeochemical processes is only beginning to accumulate. We critically review synthesize the ecophysiological ectomycorrhizal, ericoid arbuscular symbioses effect of these on soil from local global scales. demonstrate that guilds display substantial genome‐encoded capacity for nutrition, particularly acquisition nitrogen phosphorus organic material. associations alter trade‐off between allocation roots or mycelium, traits such as root exudation, weathering, enzyme production, plant protection, community assembly well response climate change. exhibit differential effects ecosystem carbon nutrient cycling affect elemental fluxes may mediate biome shifts also note most studies performed date have not been properly replicated collectively suffer strong geographical sampling bias towards temperate biomes. advocate combining carefully field experiments controlled laboratory with isotope labelling ‐omics techniques offers great promise understanding ecophysiology services types.

Language: Английский

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A comprehensive framework for the production of mycelium-based lignocellulosic composites

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 725, P. 138431 - 138431

Published: April 5, 2020

Language: Английский

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Genome‐based estimates of fungal rDNA copy number variation across phylogenetic scales and ecological lifestyles

Molecular Ecology, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 28(4), P. 721 - 730

Published: Dec. 24, 2018

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) copy number variation (CNV) has major physiological implications for all organisms, but how it varies fungi, an ecologically ubiquitous and important group of microorganisms, yet to be systemically investigated. Here, we examine rDNA CNV using in silico read depth approach 91 fungal taxa with sequenced genomes assess conservation across phylogenetic scales ecological lifestyles. varied considerably ranging from estimated 14 1,442 copies (mean = 113, median 82), similarity was inversely correlated distance. No correlations were found between trophic mode, guild or genome size. Taken together, these results show that like other fungi exhibit substantial number, which is linked their phylogeny a scale-dependent manner.

Language: Английский

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Exploring the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil carbon dynamics

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 223(1), P. 33 - 39

Published: Jan. 13, 2019

Summary The extent to which ectomycorrhizal ( ECM ) fungi enable plants access organic nitrogen (N) bound in soil matter SOM and transfer this growth‐limiting nutrient their plant host, has important implications for our understanding of plant–fungal interactions, the cycling storage carbon (C) N terrestrial ecosystems. Empirical evidence currently supports a range perspectives, suggesting that vary ability provide host with , capacity can both positively negatively influence C storage. To help resolve multiplicity observations, we gathered group researchers explore role dynamics, propose new directions hold promise competing hypotheses contrasting observations. In Viewpoint, summarize these deliberations identify areas inquiry increasing fundamental widespread symbionts ecosystem‐level biogeochemistry.

Language: Английский

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A Critical Review on Communication Mechanism within Plant-Endophytic Fungi Interactions to Cope with Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Journal of Fungi, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 7(9), P. 719 - 719

Published: Sept. 1, 2021

Endophytic fungi infect plant tissues by evading the immune response, potentially stimulating stress-tolerant growth. The selectively allows microbial colonization to carve endophyte structures through phenotypic genes and metabolic signals. Correspondingly, develop various adaptations symbiotic signal transduction thrive in mycorrhiza. Over past decade, regulatory mechanism of plant-endophyte interaction has been uncovered. Currently, great progress made on endosphere, especially endophytic fungi. Here, we systematically summarize current understanding colonization, molecular recognition pathways, evasion mechanisms clarify transboundary communication that homeostatic phytobiome. In this work, focus signaling mechanisms, summarizing research converge improve our

Language: Английский

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A tipping point in carbon storage when forest expands into tundra is related to mycorrhizal recycling of nitrogen

Ecology Letters, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 24(6), P. 1193 - 1204

Published: March 22, 2021

Abstract Tundra ecosystems are global belowground sinks for atmospheric CO 2 . Ongoing warming‐induced encroachment by shrubs and trees risks turning this sink into a source, resulting in positive feedback on climate warming. To advance mechanistic understanding of how shifts mycorrhizal types affect long‐term carbon (C) nitrogen (N) stocks, we studied small‐scale soil depth profiles fungal communities C–N dynamics across subarctic‐alpine forest‐heath vegetation gradient. Belowground organic stocks decreased abruptly at the transition from heath to forest, linked presence certain tree‐associated ectomycorrhizal fungi that contribute decomposition when mining N matter. In contrast, ericoid plants were associated with matter accumulation slow decomposition. If climatic controls arctic‐alpine forest lines relaxed, increased will likely outbalance plant productivity, decreasing overall C capacity displaced tundra.

Language: Английский

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