The plant immune system: From discovery to deployment

Cell, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 187(9), P. 2095 - 2116

Published: April 1, 2024

Plant diseases cause famines, drive human migration, and present challenges to agricultural sustainability as pathogen ranges shift under climate change. breeders discovered Mendelian genetic loci conferring disease resistance specific isolates over 100 years ago. Subsequent breeding for underpins modern agriculture and, along with the emergence focus on model plants genetics genomics research, has provided rich resources molecular biological exploration last 50 years. These studies led identification of extracellular intracellular receptors that convert recognition microbe-encoded patterns or pathogen-delivered virulence effectors into defense activation. receptor systems, downstream responses, define plant immune systems have evolved since migration land ∼500 million Our current understanding provides platform development rational enhancement control many continue plague crop production.

Language: Английский

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Plant pangenomes for crop improvement, biodiversity and evolution

Nature Reviews Genetics, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(8), P. 563 - 577

Published: Feb. 20, 2024

Language: Английский

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Advances in the molecular mechanism of grapevine resistance to fungal diseases

Molecular Horticulture, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 5(1)

Published: Jan. 2, 2025

Abstract Grapevine is an important economic fruit tree worldwide, but grape production has been plagued by a vast number of fungal diseases, which affect vigor and the quality yield berries. To seek remedies for such issues, researchers have always committed to conventional biotechnological breeding. In recent years, increasing progress made in elucidating molecular mechanisms grape–pathogenic fungi interactions resistance regulation. Here, we summarize current knowledge on basis grapevine including effector-mediated susceptibility resistance, resistant regulatory networks grapevine, innovative approaches genetic transformation, strategies improve resistance. Understanding exploring accurately regulating diseases.

Language: Английский

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Genomics-guided landscape unlocks superior alleles and genes for yellow rust resistance in wheat

Research Square (Research Square), Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 11, 2025

Yellow rust (YR), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a significant threat to wheat production worldwide. Breeding resistant cultivar is crucial for managing this disease. However, understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying YR resistance remains fragmented. To address this, we conducted comprehensive analysis with variome data from 2,191 accessions worldwide and over 47,000 response records across multiple environments pathogen races. Through genome-wide association studies, established landscape 431 loci, providing rich resource (R) gene deployment. Furthermore, cloned genes corresponding three namely Yr5x effective against Pst races, Yr6/Pm5 that conferred two species, YrKB (TaEDR2-B) conferring broad-spectrum without yield penalty. These findings offer valuable insights into basis in lay foundation engineering durable disease resistance.

Language: Английский

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A wheat tandem kinase activates an NLR to trigger immunity

Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 387(6741), P. 1402 - 1408

Published: March 27, 2025

The role of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors in plant immunity is well studied, but the function a class tandem kinases (TKs) that confer disease resistance wheat and barley remains unclear. In this study, we show SR62 locus digenic module encoding Sr62 TK an NLR (Sr62 ), identify corresponding AvrSr62 effector. binds to N-terminal kinase 1 , triggering displacement 2, which activates . Modeling mutation analysis indicated mediated by overlapping binding sites (i) on for 2 (ii) Understanding two-component complex may help engineering breeding plants durable resistance.

Language: Английский

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Comparative Analysis of the Avirulence Effectors Produced by the Fungal Stem Rust Pathogen of Wheat

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 37(3), P. 171 - 178

Published: Jan. 3, 2024

Crops are constantly exposed to pathogenic microbes. Rust fungi examples of these harmful microorganisms, which have a major economic impact on wheat production. To protect themselves from pathogens like rust fungi, plants employ multilayered immune system that includes immunoreceptors encoded by resistance genes. Significant efforts led the isolation numerous genes against in cereals, especially wheat. However, evolution virulence hinders durability as strategy for crop protection. other biotrophic pathogens, secrete an arsenal effectors facilitate infection, and molecules plant target pathogen recognition mounting defense responses. When recognized, effector proteins referred avirulence (Avr) effectors. Despite many predicted only five

Language: Английский

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Unveiling Methods to Stimulate Plant Resistance against Pathogens

Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 29(5)

Published: May 14, 2024

Plant diseases caused by pathogens pose significant threats to agricultural productivity and food security worldwide. The traditional approach of relying on chemical pesticides for disease management has proven be unsustainable, emphasizing the urgent need sustainable environmentally friendly alternatives. One promising strategy is enhance plant resistance against through various methods. This review aims unveil explore effective methods stimulating resistance, transforming vulnerable plants into vigilant defenders pathogens. We discuss both conventional innovative approaches, including genetic engineering, induced systemic (ISR), priming, use natural compounds. Furthermore, we analyze underlying mechanisms involved in these methods, highlighting their potential advantages limitations. Through an understanding scientists agronomists can develop novel strategies combat effectively while minimizing environmental impact. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights harnessing plant’s innate defense paves way practices agriculture.

Language: Английский

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A pathogen-induced putative NAC transcription factor mediates leaf rust resistance in barley

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14(1)

Published: Sept. 6, 2023

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei, is one of the most widespread and damaging foliar diseases affecting barley. The barley leaf rust resistance locus Rph7 has been shown to have unusually high sequence haplotype divergence. In this study, we isolate gene using a fine mapping RNA-Seq approach that confirmed mutational analysis transgenic complementation. pathogen-induced, non-canonical encoding protein distinct from other known plant disease proteins in Triticeae. Structural an AlphaFold2 model suggests encodes putative NAC transcription factor with zinc-finger BED domain structural similarity N-terminal DNA-binding (ANAC019) Arabidopsis. A global expression mediates activation strength basal defence response. isolation highlights diversification mechanisms available for engineering control crops.

Language: Английский

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Knockout of GRAIN WIDTH2 has a dual effect on enhancing leaf rust resistance and increasing grain weight in wheat

Plant Biotechnology Journal, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 22(7), P. 2007 - 2009

Published: March 8, 2024

Wheat leaf rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia triticina Eriksson (Pt), poses a major threat to global wheat production. The widespread presence and rapid evolution of Pt races lead frequent epidemics, particularly in favourable climates, causing yield losses 30%–50% (Prasad et al., 2020). Employing resistant genes cultivars remains most effective strategy against rust. However, limited number cloned resistance often correlates with undesirable agronomic traits, single gene usage may breakdown due continuous (Dracatos 2023). Therefore, discovering new balancing disease is essential for sustainable breeding strategies. In our research, we inoculated variety Fielder highly virulent race THT collected samples at 0, 12 24 h post-inoculation (hpi) RNA-Seq analysis (Appendix S1). highlighted significant up-regulation differentially expressed (DEGs) involved cellular protein modification, including E3 ubiquitin ligases crucial degradation (Figure 1a,b). Among 255 Pt-induced genes, identified GRAIN WIDTH2 (TaGW2) homoeologs that negatively regulate grain width weight (Qin 2014). Their expression increased over 3.8-fold hpi 3-fold 1c; Table RT-qPCR assay confirmed TaGW2 S1), indicating its involvement wheat's response To investigate role rust resistance, generated TaGW2-6A overexpression (OE) transgenic plants knockout (KO) via CRISPR/Cas9 technology cultivar S2; S2). After inoculation, OE had more uredia than wild type (WT), while KO fewer 10 days (dpi) during seedling stage 1d,e). Microscopic showed H2O2 accumulation 48 reduced hyphal length 120 hpi, unlike 1f). Furthermore, pathogenesis-related transcription levels were higher lower S3). adult-plant phenotypes further examined, revealing smaller sporulations after aligning seedling-stage 1g,h). Thus, loss function enhances Pt, as negative regulator resistance. exploring molecular mechanisms TaGW2-mediated plant immunity, used N-terminus yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay, avoiding C-terminus self-activation. Y2H screening nine potential interacting proteins, Suppressor G2 allele SKP1 (SGT1) (Table S3; Figure 1i). Recognizing vital SGT1 immunity (Wang 2022), validated interaction using firefly luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) bimolecular fluorescence (BiFC) assays Nicotiana benthamiana leaves 1j,k). A pull-down their direct vitro 1l). These results suggest physical between TaSGT1. Previous studies TaSGT1 Lr21-mediated (Scofield 2005). We found significantly induced THT, similar S4). Using barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-mediated silencing, knocked down S5a,b). silencing led uredia, decreased hypha 1m,n; S5c). findings imply limits proliferation tissue, acting positive Given TaGW2's RING-type ligase (Liu 2020), hypothesized could ubiquitinate tested this through an ubiquitination recombinant His-TaGW2 MBP-TaSGT1 proteins. revealed be ubiquitinated Ub, E1 E2, MBP control not 1o). This suggests mediating As well-established width, assessed effect on such thousand-grain (TGW), (GL) (GW) under both non-inoculated conditions. All lines reduction GW TGW inoculation. experienced only 5.6%–7.4% decrease TGW, compared 15.7%–17.2% plants, mainly different declines 1p–r). result, 5.1%–6.6% increase 4.5–5.5 g rise WT, 8.0%–11.0% 5.5–6.3 1q,r; No changes GL observed any line non-inoculation inoculation S6). TaGW2-KO aids preserving from damage. conclusion, reveal TaGW2, beyond known regulating weight, also regulates By employing edit achieved simultaneous increases offering novel approach enhancing without sacrificing yield. research was financially supported grants National Key Research Development Program China (2023YFF1000400) Hebei Province (22326306D). authors declare they have no conflict interest. T.L., X.Z. X.C. designed research. S.L., H.L., M.G. Y.P. performed experiments. C.H., J.H. L.Y. analysed data. T.L. S.L. wrote manuscript. data supports study are available supplementary material article S1 List encoding among upregulated DEGs. S2 summary primer information. S3 potentially proteins screening. S4 Comparison severity, GW, OE, Relative level stages infection. Characterization CRISPR/Cas9-based plants. TaPR1, TaPR2 TaPR5 12, S5 Silencing promotes proliferation. S6 Grain phenotype Appendix Materials methods. Please note: publisher responsible content or functionality supporting information supplied authors. Any queries (other missing content) should directed corresponding author article.

Language: Английский

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Fine mapping of stripe rust resistance gene YrAn1589 in common wheat using Wheat660K SNP array and BSR-Seq

Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 138(3)

Published: March 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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