Tonic and phasic transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) both evoke rapid and transient pupil dilation

Brain stimulation, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 17(2), P. 233 - 244

Published: Feb. 28, 2024

BackgroundTranscutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS or taVNS) is a non-invasive method of electrical the afferent pathway nerve, suggested to drive changes in putative physiological markers noradrenergic activity, including pupil dilation.ObjectiveHowever, it unknown whether different taVNS modes can map onto phasic and tonic activity. The effects on dilation humans are inconsistent, largely due differences protocols. Here, we attempted address these issues.MethodsWe investigated under (1 s) (30 taVNS, pre-registered, single-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject cross-over design, absence behavioural task.ResultsPhasic induced rapid increase size over baseline, significantly greater than sham stimulation, which rapidly declined after offset. Tonic similarly (and larger sham) returning baseline within 5 s, despite ongoing stimulation. Thus, both active closely resembled effect. There were no size, sustained size.ConclusionsThese results suggest that phasic- tonic-like standard parameters may modulate primarily mode as indexed by evoked dilation, above somatosensory effects. This result sheds light temporal profile with implications for their applicability further research.

Language: Английский

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From pre-processing to advanced dynamic modeling of pupil data

Behavior Research Methods, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 56(3), P. 1376 - 1412

Published: June 22, 2023

The pupil of the eye provides a rich source information for cognitive scientists, as it can index variety bodily states (e.g., arousal, fatigue) and processes attention, decision-making). As pupillometry becomes more accessible popular methodology, researchers have proposed techniques analyzing data. Here, we focus on time series-based, signal-to-signal approaches that enable one to relate dynamic changes in size over with stimulus series, continuous behavioral outcome measures, or other participants' traces. We first introduce pupillometry, its neural underpinnings, relation between measurements oculomotor behaviors blinks, saccades), stress importance understanding what is being measured be inferred from pupillary activity. Next, discuss possible pre-processing steps, contexts which they may necessary. Finally, turn analytic techniques, including regression-based approaches, time-warping, phase clustering, detrended fluctuation analysis, recurrence quantification analysis. Assumptions these examples scientific questions each address, are outlined, references key papers software packages. Additionally, provide detailed code tutorial steps through figures this paper. Ultimately, contend insights gained constrained by analysis used, offer means generate novel taking into account understudied spectro-temporal relationships signal signals interest.

Language: Английский

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Look into my eyes: What can eye-based measures tell us about the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance?

Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(5), P. 568 - 591

Published: May 5, 2023

There is a growing interest to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that drive positive associations of physical activity and fitness with measures cognitive performance. To better those mechanisms, several studies have employed eye-based (e.g., eye movement such as saccades, pupillary pupil dilation, vascular retinal vessel diameter) deemed be proxies for specific mechanisms. However, there currently no systematic review providing comprehensive overview these in field exercise-cognition science. Thus, this aimed address gap literature. identify eligible studies, we searched 5 electronic databases on October 23, 2022. Two researchers independently extracted data assessed risk bias using modified version Tool assEssment Study qualiTy reporting EXercise (TESTEX scale, interventional studies) critical appraisal tool from Joanna Briggs Institute (for cross-sectional studies). Our (n = 35 offers following main findings: (a) insufficient evidence available draw solid conclusions concerning gaze-fixation-based measures; (b) pupillometric measures, which are proxy noradrenergic system, can explain effect acute exercise cardiorespiratory performance mixed; (c) training- or fitness-related changes cerebrovascular system (operationalized via vasculature) are, general, positively associated improvements; (d) chronic exercises show based an oculomotor-based measure executive function antisaccade tasks); (e) association between partly mediated by dopaminergic spontaneous eye-blink rate). This confirmation provide valuable insight into may due limited number utilizing methods obtaining pupillometry, analysis, blink rate) investigating possible dose–response relationship, further research necessary before more nuanced drawn. Given economical non-invasive, hope will foster future application

Language: Английский

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Repairing Misperceptions of Words Early in a Sentence is More Effortful Than Repairing Later Words, Especially for Listeners With Cochlear Implants

Trends in Hearing, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 29

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

The process of repairing misperceptions has been identified as a contributor to effortful listening in people who use cochlear implants (CIs). current study was designed examine the relative cost at earlier or later parts sentence that contained contextual information could be used infer words both predictively and retroactively. Misperceptions were enforced specific times by replacing single with noise. Changes pupil dilation analyzed track differences timing duration effort, comparing listeners typical hearing (TH) CIs. Increases time-locked moment missing word, longer-lasting increases when word sentence. Compared TH, CI showed elevated for longer periods time after listening, suggesting lingering effect effort offset. When needing mentally repair words, also made more mistakes on elsewhere sentence, even though these not masked. based position evident basic measures like peak only emerged full-time course analyzed, analysis adds new our understanding effort. These results demonstrate some are costly than others incur different levels mental resolve mistake, underscoring lost characterizing speech perception simple percent-correct scores.

Language: Английский

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Effortful Listening Despite Correct Responses: The Cost of Mental Repair in Sentence Recognition by Listeners With Cochlear Implants

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 65(10), P. 3966 - 3980

Published: Sept. 15, 2022

Speech recognition percent correct scores fail to capture the effort of mentally repairing perception speech that was initially misheard. This study measured listening stimuli specifically designed elicit mental repair in adults who use cochlear implants (CIs).CI listeners heard and repeated sentences which specific words were distorted or masked by noise but recovered based on later context: a signature repair. Changes pupil dilation tracked as an index time-locked with landmarks during perception.Effort significantly increases when listener needs misperceived word, even if verbal response is ultimately correct. Mental sentence accompanied greater prevalence errors elsewhere same sentence, suggesting spreads consume resources across time. The cost CI essentially observed normal hearing previous work.Listening better explained reconstruction rather than appearance incorrect perception. Linguistic coherence drives more heavily mere presence mistakes, highlighting importance testing materials do not constrain design.

Language: Английский

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The Effort of Repairing a Misperceived Word Can Impair Perception of Following Words, Especially for Listeners With Cochlear Implants

Ear and Hearing, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 45(6), P. 1527 - 1541

Published: June 18, 2024

Objectives: In clinical and laboratory settings, speech recognition is typically assessed in a way that cannot distinguish accurate auditory perception from misperception was mentally repaired or inferred context. Previous work showed the process of repairing misperceptions elicits greater listening effort, this elevated effort lingers well after sentence heard. That result suggests cognitive repair strategies might appear successful when testing single utterance but fail for everyday continuous conversational speech. The present study tested hypothesis has consequence carrying over to interfere with later words sentence. Design: Stimuli were open-set coherent sentences presented intact word early replaced noise, forcing listener use context missing word. Sentences immediately followed by digit triplets, which served probe carryover Control conditions allowed comparison did not demand mental repair, as removed need attend post-sentence stimuli, digits altogether. Intelligibility scores accompanied time-series measurements pupil dilation assess load during task, subjective rating effort. Participants included adults cochlear implants (CIs), an age-matched group younger listeners typical hearing comparison. Results: For CI group, needing resulted more errors on sentence, especially sensible perception. needed also contained unmasked. All groups substantial increase required even successful. Younger clear differences moment-to-moment allocation different conditions, while other not. Conclusions: listeners, can last long enough follow This pattern could pose serious problem regular communication would go overlooked utterances, where chance before responding. Carryover predictable basic intelligibility scores, be revealed behavioral data are extra such digits.

Language: Английский

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Effects of internally directed cognition on smooth pursuit eye movements: A systematic examination of perceptual decoupling

Attention Perception & Psychophysics, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 85(4), P. 1159 - 1178

Published: March 15, 2023

Abstract Eye behavior differs between internally and externally directed cognition thus is indicative of an internal versus external attention focus. Recent work implicated perceptual decoupling (i.e., eye becoming less determined by the sensory environment) as one key mechanisms involved in these attention-related movement differences. However, it not yet understood how depends on characteristics task. Therefore, we systematically examined effects varying task demands smooth pursuit movements. Specifically, evaluated workload (control vs. low high) (arithmetic visuospatial). The results multilevel modelling showed that were stronger for higher workload, more pronounced visuospatial modality. Effects also followed a characteristic time-course relative to operations. findings provide further support mechanism showing sensitive degree interference information.

Language: Английский

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Assessment of Speech Processing and Listening Effort Associated With Speech-on-Speech Masking Using the Visual World Paradigm and Pupillometry

Trends in Hearing, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 29

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Speech-on-speech masking is a common and challenging situation in everyday verbal communication. The ability to segregate competing auditory streams necessary requirement for focusing attention on the target speech. Visual World Paradigm (VWP) provides insight into speech processing by capturing gaze fixations visually presented icons that reflect signal. This study aimed propose new VWP examine time course of segregation when sentences are collect pupil size data as measure listening effort. Twelve young normal-hearing participants were with matrix (structure “name-verb-numeral-adjective-object”) diotically via headphones at four target-to-masker ratios (TMRs), corresponding intermediate near perfect recognition. number object words from both masker sentences. Participants instructed sentence without providing responses. consistently reflected different TMRs words. slopes fixation curves steeper, proportion increased higher TMRs, suggesting more efficient under favorable conditions. Temporal analysis using Bayesian paired sample t-tests showed reduction dilation increasing TMR, indicating reduced results support conclusion proposed captured eye movements suitable objective assessment sentence-based speech-on-speech

Language: Английский

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Attention to affective pictures and emotional arousal between naturally cycling women, oral contraceptive users and men: Evidence from eye tracking and pupillometry

Biological Psychology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 109031 - 109031

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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A holistic focus on the psychophysiology of reinvestment: A systematic review on reinvestment-related neural, cardiac vagal and oculomotor activity

Neuropsychologia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 109139 - 109139

Published: April 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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