Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications

Experimental Physiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 105(12), P. 2007 - 2021

Published: Oct. 1, 2020

New Findings What is the topic of this review? We review sex differences within physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to determine metabolic thresholds and fatigability. Thereafter, we discuss implications that these might have for long‐term adaptation exercise. advances does it highlight? The collates evidence from recent studies investigated as a biological variable, demonstrating response equivalent ‘dosages’ not same males females; thus, highlighting need research diversity responses interventions. Abstract anatomical between females are thought limits human performance. notion studying variable has recently been emphasized biosciences vital step enhancing health. In review, contend effects on acute chronic must be studied accounted when prescribing aerobic exercise, much like any intervention targeting optimization function. Emerging suggests differs females, potentially mediating beneficial healthy clinical populations. highlight integrative during influenced by phenotypical throughout many systems. Furthermore, female skeletal muscle more resistant fatigue elicited dosages high‐intensity How different affect trainability considered, with discussion about tailoring characteristics individual presented context sex. Finally, influence endogenous exogenous hormones females. Sex one influences outcomes careful experimental designs, physiologists can advance collective understanding physiology optimize both sexes.

Language: Английский

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Fatigue and Human Performance: An Updated Framework

Sports Medicine, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 53(1), P. 7 - 31

Published: Oct. 18, 2022

Abstract Fatigue has been defined differently in the literature depending on field of research. The inconsistent use term fatigue complicated scientific communication, thereby limiting progress towards a more in-depth understanding phenomenon. Therefore, Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228–38, 2016, [3]) proposed framework that distinguishes between trait (i.e., experienced by an individual over longer period time) motor or cognitive task-induced state self-reported disabling symptom derived from two interdependent attributes performance fatigability perceived fatigability). Thereby, describes decrease objective measure, while refers to sensations regulate integrity performer. Although this served as good starting point unravel psychophysiology fatigue, several important aspects were not included interdependence mechanisms driving comprehensively discussed. present narrative review aimed (1) update suggested pertaining taxonomy added) determinants considered previously (e.g., effort perception, affective valence, self-regulation), (2) discuss underlying response tasks well their interdependence, (3) provide recommendations for future research these interactions. We propose define psychophysiological condition characterized respectively) and/or increased perception fatigue). These dimensions are interdependent, hinge different determinants, depend body homeostasis wakefulness, core temperature) modulating factors age, sex, diseases, characteristics task). Consequently, there is no single factor primarily determining tasks. Instead, relative weight each determinant interaction modulated factors.

Language: Английский

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Sex Differences in VO2max and the Impact on Endurance-Exercise Performance

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 19(9), P. 4946 - 4946

Published: April 19, 2022

It was not until 1984 that women were permitted to compete in the Olympic marathon. Today, more than men participate road racing all distances except marathon where participation is near equal. From period of 1985 2004, women’s record improved at a rate three times greater men’s. This has led many question whether are capable surpassing despite fact there remains 10–12% performance gap distance events. The progressive developments sports research and training, beginning with A.V. Hill’s establishment concept VO2max, have allowed endurance athletes continue feats previously thought be impossible. However, even today significantly underrepresented research. By focusing on female physiology sex differences between women, we can better define how differ from adapting training potentially use this information improve endurance-exercise women. male advantage commonly been attributed their higher when expressed as mL/kg/min. widely known oxygen delivery primary limiting factor elite it comes improving but little explored delivery. Thus, purpose review highlight what about physiological factors contributing specifically delivery, impacts performance.

Language: Английский

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Physiological adaptations and performance enhancement with combined blood flow restricted and interval training: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 101030 - 101030

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

We aimed to determine: (a) the chronic effects of interval training (IT) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on physiological adaptations (aerobic/anaerobic capacity and muscle responses) performance enhancement (endurance sprints), (b) influence participant characteristics intervention protocols these effects. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web Science (Core Collection), Cochrane Library (Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure April 2, updates October 17, 2024. Pooled for each outcome summarized using Hedge's g (g) through meta-analysis-based random models, subgroup regression analyses used explore moderators. A total 24 studies 621 participants included. IT BFR (IT+BFR) significantly improved maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (g = 0.63, I2 63%), mean power during Wingate 30-s test 0.70, 47%), strength 0.88, 64%), endurance 0.43, 0%), time fatigue 1.26, 86%), aerobic speed 0.74, 0%) compared alone. Subgroup analysis indicated that including status, intensity, modes moderated VO2max (subgroup differences: p < 0.05). Specifically, IT+BFR showed superior improvements alone trained individuals 0.76) at supra-maximal intensity 1.29) moderate 1.08) as well walking 1.64) running 0.63) modes. Meta-regression cuff width (β 0.14) was associated change, identifying 8.23 cm minimum threshold required significant improvement. regarding did not reveal any enhances optimizes aspects performance, moderators protocol (intensity, mode, type), width. This addresses various IT-related challenges provides tailored benefits diverse populations.

Language: Английский

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Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 601(3), P. 419 - 434

Published: Nov. 11, 2021

Sex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones genetics. Studies investigating physiology frequently include only males or do not take sex into consideration. Although there is still an underrepresentation of female participants research, existing studies have identified physiological molecular responses to training. The observed are underpinned by the chromosome complement, and, on a level, epigenome transcriptome. Future research field should aim both sexes, control for menstrual cycle conduct large-scale ethnically diverse studies, meta-analyses consolidate findings various leverage unique cohorts (such post-menopausal, transgender, those with abnormalities), well integrate tissue cell-specific -omics data. This knowledge essential developing deeper insight sex-specific training, thus directing future practical application.

Language: Английский

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Sex, gender and the pulmonary physiology of exercise

European Respiratory Review, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 31(163), P. 210074 - 210074

Published: Jan. 12, 2022

In this review, we detail how the pulmonary system's response to exercise is impacted by both sex and gender in healthy humans across lifespan. First, rationale for why differences should be considered explored, then anatomical are highlighted, namely that females typically have smaller lungs airways than males. Thereafter, describe these can impact functional aspects such as respiratory muscle energetics activation, mechanical ventilatory constraints, diaphragm fatigue, gas exchange adults children. Finally, exercise.

Language: Английский

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Sex Differences in Neuromuscular Aging: The Role of Sex Hormones

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 52(2), P. 54 - 62

Published: Feb. 8, 2024

Males and females experience different trajectories of neuromuscular function across the lifespan, with demonstrating accelerated deconditioning in later life. We hypothesize that menopause is a critical period female during which dramatic reduction sex hormone concentrations negatively impacts synaptic input to motoneuron pool, as well motor unit discharge properties.

Language: Английский

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Sex differences in human performance

The Journal of Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 602(17), P. 4129 - 4156

Published: Aug. 6, 2024

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding sex differences human physical performance. Males outperform females many capacities because they are faster, stronger and powerful, particularly after male puberty. highlights key physiological anatomical systems (generally conferred via steroids puberty) that contribute to these Specifically, we address effects primary affect development, discuss insight gained from observational study 'real-world data' elite athletes, highlight mechanisms several aspects Physiological discussed include those for varying magnitude performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength power; (2) fatigability limb muscles measure relative performance; (3) maximal aerobic power endurance. The profound sex-based involving strength, power, speed endurance, largely attributable direct indirect sex-steroid hormones, chromosomes epigenetics, provide scientific rationale framework policy decisions on categories sports during puberty adulthood. Finally, bias problem research insufficient studies information across areas biology physiology, creating knowledge gaps opportunities high-impact studies.

Language: Английский

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Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lecture. Age and sex differences in the limits of human performance: fatigability and real-world data

Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 136(4), P. 659 - 676

Published: Feb. 15, 2024

High-level athletic performances may be a proxy for the trajectory of optimal function human biology with advanced aging and differences between males females. Males are faster, stronger, more powerful than females these physical attributes decline dramatically both sexes. Experimental mechanistic studies determine physiological mechanisms sex age in performance. The assumption however, that real-world solely reflect biological sexes aging, even among elite athletes, is not complete. This review presents evidence an integrated approach encompassing analysis data experimental necessary to sociocultural factors attributed limits performance First, presented focus on fatigability absolute relative exercise Second, current historical including world records, elite, collegiate, competitive age-group athletes highlighted. These illustrate upper have changed historically, other such as influences, explain widening gaps observed present-day performances. approaches broader significance when applied understanding impact historically low representation minority groups biomedical research health outcomes.

Language: Английский

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What is a cycling race simulation anyway: a review on protocols to assess durability in cycling

European Journal of Applied Physiology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: Feb. 14, 2025

Abstract Physiological resilience or durability is now recognised as a determinant of endurance performance such road cycling. Reliable, ecologically valid and standardised tests in laboratory-based cycling protocols have to be established investigate mechanisms underpinning, interventions improving durability. This review aims provide an overview available race simulation the literature examines its rigour around themes that influence including (i) exercise intensity anchoring (ii) carbohydrate intake whilst also (iii) inspecting reliability justification developed protocols. Using systematic search approach, 48 articles were identified met our criteria simulation. Most presented limitations recommended test durability, not appropriately addressing domains by % peak power $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O 2max . Ten provided data, but only one under appropriate conditions. studies sufficiently controlled nutrition during trials days leading just before trials. Thus, there paucity combine with optimal nutritional support mimic true demands road-cycling race. lists researchers could use caution select protocol for future experiments, encourages further development improved protocols, utilisation virtual software applications.

Language: Английский

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