Translational Neurodegeneration,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(1)
Published: Dec. 6, 2024
Abstract
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
membrane
originating
from
different
cells
within
the
brain.
The
pathophysiological
role
of
EVs
in
neurodegenerative
diseases
is
progressively
acknowledged.
This
field
has
advanced
basic
biological
research
to
essential
clinical
significance.
capacity
selectively
enrich
specific
subsets
biofluids
via
distinctive
surface
markers
opened
new
avenues
for
molecular
understandings
across
various
tissues
and
organs,
notably
In
recent
years,
brain-derived
have
been
extensively
investigated
as
biomarkers,
therapeutic
targets,
drug-delivery
vehicles
diseases.
review
provides
a
brief
overview
characteristics
physiological
functions
classes
EVs,
focusing
on
mechanisms
by
which
types
mediate
occurrence
development
Concurrently,
novel
approaches
challenges
use
delivery
delineated.
Molecules,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
29(19), P. 4672 - 4672
Published: Oct. 1, 2024
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
membrane-enclosed
particles
that
have
attracted
much
attention
for
their
potential
in
disease
diagnosis
and
therapy.
However,
the
clinical
translation
is
limited
by
dosing
consistency
due
to
heterogeneity.
Among
various
characterization
techniques,
nanoparticle
tracking
analysis
(NTA)
offers
distinct
benefits
EV
characterization.
In
this
review,
we
will
discuss
NTA
technique
with
a
focus
on
factors
affecting
results;
then,
review
two
modes
of
techniques
along
suitable
applications
specific
areas
studies.
EVs
typically
characterized
size,
size
distribution,
concentration,
protein
markers,
RNA
cargos.
The
light-scattering
mode
accurate
concentration
information
solution,
which
useful
comparing
isolation
methods,
storage
conditions,
secretion
conditions.
contrast,
fluorescent
allows
differentiating
subgroups
based
markers.
success
fluorescence
heavily
relies
tags
(e.g.,
types
dyes
labeling
methods).
When
labeled
disease-specific
an
effective
tool
detection
biological
fluids,
such
as
saliva,
blood,
serum.
Finally,
limitations
future
directions
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
25(18), P. 10068 - 10068
Published: Sept. 19, 2024
The
emerging
role
of
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
in
central
nervous
system
(CNS)
diseases
is
gaining
significant
interest,
particularly
their
applications
as
diagnostic
biomarkers
and
therapeutic
agents.
EVs
are
involved
intercellular
communication
secreted
by
all
cell
types.
They
contain
specific
markers
a
diverse
cargo
such
proteins,
lipids,
nucleic
acids,
reflecting
the
physiological
pathological
state
originating
cells.
Their
reduced
immunogenicity
ability
to
cross
blood-brain
barrier
make
them
promising
candidates
for
both
In
context
CNS
diseases,
have
shown
promise
isolable
from
different
body
fluids,
providing
non-invasive
method
diagnosing
monitoring
disease
progression.
This
makes
useful
early
detection
Alzheimer's,
Parkinson's,
amyotrophic
lateral
sclerosis,
where
alterations
content
can
be
detected.
Additionally,
derived
stem
cells
show
potential
promoting
tissue
regeneration
repairing
damaged
tissues.
An
evaluation
has
been
conducted
on
current
clinical
trials
studying
focusing
application,
treatment
protocols,
obtained
results.
review
aims
explore
carriers
highlighting
advantages
ongoing
evaluating
efficacy.
Addiction Neuroscience,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
11, P. 100151 - 100151
Published: Feb. 15, 2024
While
the
majority
of
people
with
cocaine
use
disorders
(CUD)
also
co-use
tobacco/nicotine,
most
preclinical
research
does
not
include
nicotine.
The
present
study
examined
nicotine
and
under
several
conditions
intravenous
drug
self-administration
in
monkeys,
as
well
potential
peripheral
biomarkers
associated
co-use.
In
Experiment
1,
male
rhesus
monkeys
(N=3)
self-administered
(0.001-0.1
mg/kg/injection)
alone
(0.01-0.03
a
progressive-ratio
schedule
reinforcement.
When
was
added
to
cocaine,
there
significant
leftward/upward
shift
number
injections
received.
2,
socially
housed
female
cynomolgus
(N=14)
concurrent
drug-vs-food
choice
Adding
solution
shifted
dose-response
curves
left,
more
robust
shifts
noted
animals.
There
no
evidence
social
rank
differences.
To
assess
reinforcing
strength,
delays
were
presentation
drug;
required
significantly
longer
decrease
choice,
compared
alone.
Blood
samples
obtained
post-session
used
analyze
concentrations
neuronally
derived
small
extracellular
vesicles
(NDE);
differences
NDE
profile
observed
for
kappa-opioid
receptors
when
co-used
each
controls.
These
results
suggest
that
interactions
involving
are
simply
changing
potency,
but
rather
resulting
changes
strength
should
be
utilized
better
understand
neuropharmacology
CUD
evaluation
treatments.
Journal of Extracellular Vesicles,
Journal Year:
2024,
Volume and Issue:
13(10)
Published: Oct. 1, 2024
Abstract
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
lipid
nanoparticles
and
play
an
important
role
in
cell‐cell
communications,
making
them
potential
therapeutic
agents
allowing
to
engineer
for
targeted
drug
delivery.
The
expanding
applications
of
EVs
next
generation
medicine
is
still
limited
by
existing
tools
scaling
standardized
EV
production,
single
tracing
analytics,
thus
provide
only
a
snapshot
tissue‐specific
cargo
information.
Here,
we
present
the
Snorkel‐tag,
which
have
genetically
fused
surface
marker
protein
CD81,
series
tags
with
additional
transmembrane
domain
be
displayed
on
surface,
resembling
snorkel.
This
system
enables
affinity
purification
from
complex
matrices
non‐destructive
form
while
maintaining
characteristics
terms
profiles,
associated
miRNA
patterns
uptake
into
model
cell
line.
Therefore,
consider
Snorkel‐tag
widely
applicable
tool
research,
efficient
preparation
standards
reference
materials,
or
dissecting
different
markers
when
fusing
other
tetraspanins
vitro
vivo.
Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
unknown
Published: Jan. 17, 2025
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
have
emerged
as
novel
blood-based
biomarkers
for
various
pathologies.
The
development
of
methods
to
enrich
cell-specific
EVs
from
biofluids
has
enabled
us
monitor
difficult-to-access
organs,
such
the
brain,
in
real
time
without
disrupting
their
function,
thus
serving
liquid
biopsy.
Burgeoning
evidence
indicates
that
contents
neuron-derived
(NDEs)
blood
reveal
dynamic
alterations
occur
during
neurodegenerative
pathogenesis,
including
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
reflecting
a
disease-specific
molecular
signature.
Among
these
AD-specific
changes
is
brain
insulin-signaling
dysregulation,
which
cannot
be
assessed
clinically
living
patient
and
remains
an
unexplained
co-occurrence
AD
pathogenesis.
This
review
focused
on
delineating
how
NDEs
may
begin
close
gap
between
identifying
associated
with
insulin
dysregulation
reliably
patients
its
connection
AD.
approach
could
lead
identification
early
less-invasive
diagnostic
HIGHLIGHTS:
Neuron-derived
extracellular
isolated
peripheral
blood.
reflect
signature
(AD).
Brain
plays
critical
role
predict
dysregulation.
offer
World Journal of Psychiatry,
Journal Year:
2025,
Volume and Issue:
15(3)
Published: Feb. 26, 2025
Depression
is
a
prevalent
mental
disorder
that
affects
numerous
individuals,
manifesting
as
persistent
anhedonia,
sadness,
and
hopelessness.
Despite
extensive
research,
the
exact
causes
optimal
treatment
approaches
for
depression
remain
unclear.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs),
which
carry
biological
molecules
such
proteins,
lipids,
nucleic
acids,
metabolites,
have
emerged
crucial
players
in
both
pathological
physiological
processes.
EVs
derived
from
various
sources
exert
distinct
effects
on
depression.
Specifically,
released
by
neurons,
astrocytes,
microglia,
oligodendrocytes,
immune
cells,
stem
even
bacteria
contribute
to
pathogenesis
of
Moreover,
there
growing
interest
potential
diagnostic
therapeutic
tools
This
review
provides
comprehensive
overview
recent
research
different
sources,
their
roles
depression,
clinical
applications.
