Trade-Offs Between Plant Growth and Defense Against Insect Herbivory: An Emerging Mechanistic Synthesis

Annual Review of Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 68(1), P. 513 - 534

Published: Feb. 1, 2017

Costs of defense are central to our understanding interactions between organisms and their environment, defensive phenotypes plants have long been considered be constrained by trade-offs that reflect the allocation limiting resources. Recent advances in uncovering signal transduction networks revealed often result regulatory “decisions” plant, enabling it fine-tune its phenotype response diverse environmental challenges. We place these results context classic studies ecology evolutionary biology, propose a unifying framework for growth–defense as means study plant's Pervasive physiological costs constrain upper limit growth traits, but diversity selective pressures on favors negative correlations at intermediate trait levels. Despite ubiquity underlying defense, current challenge is using molecular approaches predict conditions where they manifest detectable trade-offs.

Language: Английский

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Explaining intraspecific diversity in plant secondary metabolites in an ecological context

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2013, Volume and Issue: 201(3), P. 733 - 750

Published: Oct. 1, 2013

Summary Plant secondary metabolites ( PSM s) are ubiquitous in plants and play many ecological roles. Each compound can vary presence and/or quantity, the composition of mixture chemicals vary, such that chemodiversity be partitioned within among individuals. ontogeny environmental genetic variation recognized as sources chemical variation, but recent advances understanding molecular basis may allow future deployment isogenic mutants to test specific adaptive function s. An important consequence high intraspecific is capacity evolve rapidly. It becoming increasingly clear trait variance linked both macro‐ micro‐environmental also respond more strongly selection than mean values. This research, which its infancy plants, highlights what could a missing piece picture evolution. polymorphisms probably maintained by multiple selective forces acting across spatial temporal scales, convincing examples recognize diversity plant population structures rare. We describe how inherently beneficial for suggest fruitful avenues research untangle causes consequences variation. Contents 733 I. Introduction II. time: ontogeny, phenology induced defences 734 III. through space: role environment 735 IV. Genes biosynthetic pathways underlying V. Mechanisms diversification PSMs VI. Examples from 737 VII. How why maintained? 739 VIII. Evolvability 740 IX. Evolutionary strategies defence 742 X. Conclusions directions 744 Acknowledgements 745 References

Language: Английский

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The Hologenome Concept: Helpful or Hollow?

PLoS Biology, Journal Year: 2015, Volume and Issue: 13(12), P. e1002311 - e1002311

Published: Dec. 4, 2015

With the increasing appreciation for crucial roles that microbial symbionts play in development and fitness of plant animal hosts, there has been a recent push to interpret evolution through lens "hologenome"—the collective genomic content host its microbiome. But how evolve and, particularly, whether they undergo natural selection benefit hosts are complex issues associated with several misconceptions about evolutionary processes host-associated communities. Microorganisms can have intimate, ancient, and/or mutualistic associations without having undergone hosts. Likewise, observing host-specific community composition or greater similarity among more closely related does not imply coevolved let alone evolved host. Although at level symbiotic community, hologenome, occurs some cases, it should be accepted as null hypothesis explaining features host–symbiont associations.

Language: Английский

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Cyanogenic Glycosides: Synthesis, Physiology, and Phenotypic Plasticity

Annual Review of Plant Biology, Journal Year: 2014, Volume and Issue: 65(1), P. 155 - 185

Published: March 1, 2014

Cyanogenic glycosides (CNglcs) are bioactive plant products derived from amino acids. Structurally, these specialized compounds characterized as α-hydroxynitriles (cyanohydrins) that stabilized by glucosylation. In recent years, improved tools within analytical chemistry have greatly increased the number of known CNglcs enabling discovery less abundant formed additional hydroxylation, glycosylation, and acylation reactions. Cyanogenesis—the release toxic hydrogen cyanide endogenous CNglcs—is an effective defense against generalist herbivores but fungal pathogens. course evolution, acquired roles to improve plasticity, i.e., establishment, robustness, viability in response environmental challenges. CNglc concentration is usually higher young plants, when nitrogen ready supply, or growth constrained nonoptimal conditions. Efforts under way engineer into some crops a pest control measure, whereas other efforts directed toward their removal food safety. Given many cyanogenic, it important understand molecular mechanisms regulating cyanogenesis so impact future challenges can be anticipated.

Language: Английский

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Plant Secondary Metabolite Diversity and Species Interactions

Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 49(1), P. 115 - 138

Published: July 11, 2018

Ever since the first plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) were isolated and identified, questions about their ecological functions diversity have been raised. Recent advances in analytical chemistry complex data computation, as well progress chemical ecology from mechanistic to functional evolutionary questions, open a new box of hypotheses. Addressing these hypotheses includes measurement traits, such chemodiversity, context-dependent manner allows for deeper understanding multifunctionality redundancy PSMs. Here we review hypothesis framework that addresses PSM on multiple levels (α, β, γ chemodiversity), its variation space time, potential agents natural selection. We use concept information transfer mediator antagonistic mutualistic interaction interpret microevolutionary studies create chemodiversity factor driving processes.

Language: Английский

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Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis and Its Role in Growth-Defense Tradeoffs

Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9

Published: Sept. 28, 2018

Plant growth-defense tradeoffs are fundamental for optimizing plant performance and fitness in a changing biotic/abiotic environment. This process is thought to involve readjusting resource allocation different pathways. It has been frequently observed that among secondary cell wall components, alteration lignin biosynthesis results changes both growth defense. How this regulated, leading or defense, remains largely elusive. In article, we review the canonical pathway, recently-discovered tyrosine shortcut of unconventional C-lignin. We summarize current model hierarchical transcriptional regulation biosynthesis. Moreover, interface between recently identified transcription factors also discussed. propose existence co-regulation mechanism coordinating energy allowance growth, defense

Language: Английский

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Real-time divergent evolution in plants driven by pollinators

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 8(1)

Published: March 14, 2017

Abstract Pollinator-driven diversification is thought to be a major source of floral variation in plants. Our knowledge this process is, however, limited indirect assessments evolutionary changes. Here, we employ experimental evolution with fast cycling Brassica rapa plants demonstrate adaptive driven by different pollinators. study shows pollinator-driven divergent selection as well plant traits. Plants pollinated bumblebees evolved taller size and more fragrant flowers increased ultraviolet reflection. Bumblebees preferred bumblebee-pollinated over hoverfly-pollinated at the end experiment, showing that had adapted bumblebees’ preferences. hoverfly pollination became shorter, reduced emission some volatiles, but fitness through augmented autonomous self-pollination. demonstrates changes pollinator communities can have rapid consequences on traits mating system.

Language: Английский

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A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology

Ecology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 101(2)

Published: Oct. 29, 2019

Biodiversity is defined by trait differences between organisms, and biologists have long sought to predict associations among ecologically important traits. Why do some traits trade off but others are coexpressed? might hold across levels of organization, from individuals genotypes populations species, whereas only occur at one level? Understanding such scaling a core biological problem, bearing on the evolution ecological strategies as well forecasting responses environmental change. Explicitly considering hierarchy biodiversity expectations each scale (individual change, within populations, species turnover) necessary we work toward predictive framework in evolutionary ecology. Within may an association with another because phenotypic plasticity, genetic correlation, or population-level local adaptation. Plastic often adaptive yet fixed pool resources; thus, positive negative can be generated immediate needs energetic demands. Genetic variation covariation for population typically shaped varying natural selection space time. Although correlations infrequently long-term constraints, they indicate competing organismal Traits quantitatively differentiated (local adaptation), although rarely favors qualitatively different until become reproductively isolated. Across niche specialization particular habitats biotic interactions determine correlations, subset which termed "strategic trade-offs" consequence specialization. scales, constraints not apply new evolve, conversely, observed reflected populations. I give examples scale-dependent their causes taxonomic groups ecosystems, final section paper, specifically evaluate leaf economics spectrum plant defense against herbivory. Scale-dependent predictions emerge understanding ecology holistically, this approach fruitfully applied more generally Adaptive community context two primary drivers trade-offs syndromes scales.

Language: Английский

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Climate change alters plant–herbivore interactions

New Phytologist, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 229(4), P. 1894 - 1910

Published: Oct. 28, 2020

Summary Plant–herbivore interactions have evolved in response to coevolutionary dynamics, along with selection driven by abiotic conditions. We examine how factors influence trait expression both plants and herbivores evaluate climate change will alter this long‐standing interaction. The paleontological record documents increased herbivory during periods of global warming the deep past. In phylogenetically corrected meta‐analyses, we find that elevated temperatures, CO 2 concentrations, drought stress nutrient conditions directly indirectly induce greater food consumption herbivores. Additionally, delays herbivore development, but temperatures accelerate development. For annual plants, higher increase foliar herbivory. Our meta‐analysis also suggests may heighten florivory perennials. Human actions are causing concurrent shifts , temperature, precipitation regimes nitrogen deposition, yet few studies among these changing call for additional multifactorial simultaneously manipulate multiple climatic factors, which enable us generate more robust predictions could disrupt plant–herbivore interactions. Finally, consider insect plant phenology distribution patterns lead ecological mismatches, changes drive future adaptation coevolution between interacting species.

Language: Английский

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Bph6 encodes an exocyst-localized protein and confers broad resistance to planthoppers in rice

Nature Genetics, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 50(2), P. 297 - 306

Published: Jan. 19, 2018

Language: Английский

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