Cell Host & Microbe,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
14(5), P. 559 - 570
Published: Nov. 1, 2013
Microbial
exposure
following
birth
profoundly
impacts
mammalian
immune
system
development.
Microbiota
alterations
are
associated
with
increased
incidence
of
allergic
and
autoimmune
disorders
elevated
serum
IgE
as
a
hallmark.
The
previously
reported
abnormally
high
levels
in
germ-free
mice
suggests
that
immunoregulatory
signals
from
microbiota
required
to
control
basal
levels.
We
report
those
low-diversity
develop
early
life.
B
cells
neonatal
undergo
isotype
switching
at
mucosal
sites
CD4
T-cell-
IL-4-dependent
manner.
A
critical
level
microbial
diversity
is
order
inhibit
induction.
Elevated
lead
mast-cell-surface-bound
exaggerated
oral-induced
systemic
anaphylaxis.
Thus,
appropriate
intestinal
stimuli
during
life
for
inducing
an
network
protects
induction
sites.
Physiological Reviews,
Journal Year:
2019,
Volume and Issue:
99(4), P. 1877 - 2013
Published: Aug. 28, 2019
The
importance
of
the
gut-brain
axis
in
maintaining
homeostasis
has
long
been
appreciated.
However,
past
15
yr
have
seen
emergence
microbiota
(the
trillions
microorganisms
within
and
on
our
bodies)
as
one
key
regulators
function
led
to
appreciation
a
distinct
microbiota-gut-brain
axis.
This
is
gaining
ever
more
traction
fields
investigating
biological
physiological
basis
psychiatric,
neurodevelopmental,
age-related,
neurodegenerative
disorders.
brain
communicate
with
each
other
via
various
routes
including
immune
system,
tryptophan
metabolism,
vagus
nerve
enteric
nervous
involving
microbial
metabolites
such
short-chain
fatty
acids,
branched
chain
amino
peptidoglycans.
Many
factors
can
influence
composition
early
life,
infection,
mode
birth
delivery,
use
antibiotic
medications,
nature
nutritional
provision,
environmental
stressors,
host
genetics.
At
extreme
diversity
diminishes
aging.
Stress,
particular,
significantly
impact
at
all
stages
life.
Much
recent
work
implicated
gut
many
conditions
autism,
anxiety,
obesity,
schizophrenia,
Parkinson’s
disease,
Alzheimer’s
disease.
Animal
models
paramount
linking
regulation
fundamental
neural
processes,
neurogenesis
myelination,
microbiome
activation
microglia.
Moreover,
translational
human
studies
are
ongoing
will
greatly
enhance
field.
Future
focus
understanding
mechanisms
underlying
attempt
elucidate
microbial-based
intervention
therapeutic
strategies
for
neuropsychiatric
Science,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
352(6285), P. 539 - 544
Published: April 28, 2016
Microbial
colonization
of
mucosal
tissues
during
infancy
plays
an
instrumental
role
in
the
development
and
education
host
mammalian
immune
system.
These
early-life
events
can
have
long-standing
consequences:
facilitating
tolerance
to
environmental
exposures
or
contributing
disease
later
life,
including
inflammatory
bowel
disease,
allergy,
asthma.
Recent
studies
begun
define
a
critical
period
early
which
disruption
optimal
host-commensal
interactions
lead
persistent
some
cases
irreversible
defects
training
specific
subsets.
Here,
we
discuss
system
this
“window
opportunity,”
when
microbial
has
potentially
impact
on
human
health
disease.
