A Draft Human Pangenome Reference

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: July 9, 2022

Abstract The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC) presents a first draft human pangenome reference. contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from cohort of genetically diverse individuals. These cover more than 99% the expected sequence and are accurate at structural base-pair levels. Based on alignments assemblies, we generated that captures known variants haplotypes, reveals novel alleles structurally complex loci, adds 119 million base pairs euchromatic polymorphic 1,529 gene duplications relative to existing reference, GRCh38. Roughly 90 additional derive variation. Using our analyze short-read data reduces errors when discovering small by 34% boosts detected per haplotype 104% compared GRCh38-based workflows, using previous diversity sets genome assemblies.

Language: Английский

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Norm Dynamics: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Social Norm Emergence, Persistence, and Change

Annual Review of Psychology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 75(1), P. 341 - 378

Published: Oct. 31, 2023

Social norms are the glue that holds society together, yet our knowledge of them remains heavily intellectually siloed. This article provides an interdisciplinary review emerging field norm dynamics by integrating research across social sciences through a cultural-evolutionary lens. After reviewing key distinctions in theory and method, we discuss on psychology-the neural cognitive underpinnings learning acquisition. We then overview how emerge spread intergenerational transmission, networks, group-level ecological historical factors. Next, multilevel factors lead to persist, change, or erode over time. also consider cultural mismatches can arise when changing environment leads once-beneficial become maladaptive. Finally, potential future directions implications for policy.

Language: Английский

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The cultural evolution of distortion in music (and other norms of mixed appeal)

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 380(1923)

Published: April 3, 2025

Music traditions worldwide are subject to remarkable diversity but the origins of this variation not well understood. Musical behaviour is product a multicomponent collection abilities, some possibly evolved for music most derived from traits serving nonmusical functions. Cultural evolution has stitched together these systems, generating variable normative practices across cultures and musical genres. Here, we describe cultural distortion, noisy manipulation instrumental vocal timbre that emulates nonlinear phenomena (NLP) present in signals many animals. We suggest listeners’ sensitivity NLP facilitated technological developments altering instruments singing with which continues evolve culturally via need groups both coordinate internally differentiate themselves other groups. To support idea, an agent-based model norm illustrating possible dynamics continuous such as timbral distortion music, dependent on (i) functional optimum, (ii) intra-group cohesion inter-group differentiation (iii) groupishness assortment social learning. This account illustrates how transmission can lead sounds genres, also provides more general explanation emergence subgroup-differentiating norms. article part theme issue ‘Nonlinear vertebrate vocalizations: mechanisms communicative functions’.

Language: Английский

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Blind alleys and fruitful pathways in the comparative study of cultural cognition

Physics of Life Reviews, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 43, P. 211 - 238

Published: Oct. 21, 2022

A mere few decades ago, culture was thought a unique human attribute. Evidence to the contrary accumulated through latter part of twentieth century and has exploded in present one, demonstrating transmission traditions social learning across all principal vertebrate taxa even invertebrates, notably insects. The scope is nevertheless highly distinctive. What makes our cultural capacities their cognitive underpinnings so different? In this article I argue that behavioural scientists' endeavours answer question, fruitful research pathways ensuing discoveries have come exist alongside popular, yet light current empirical evidence, questionable scenarios scientific blind alleys. particularly re-evaluate theories rely on centrality supposed uniquely capacity for imitative copying explaining distinctive massive cumulative evolution (CCE) species. most extreme versions perspective suffer logical incoherence severe limits testability. By contrast field generated range rigorous observational experimental methodologies revealed both long-term fidelity limited forms CCE non-human Attention now turns directly investigating scope, underlying cognition versus CCE, with broader approach factors additional transmission, role invention, innovation evolved motivational biases species studied.

Language: Английский

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Viewing animal migration through a social lens

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 37(11), P. 985 - 996

Published: Aug. 2, 2022

Evidence of social learning is growing across the animal kingdom. Researchers have long hypothesized that interactions play a key role in many migrations, but strong empirical support scarce except few unique systems and species. In this review, we aim to catalyze advances study migrations by synthesizing research disciplines providing framework for understanding when, how, why influences shape decisions animals make during migration. Integrating fields migration ecology will advance our complex behavioral phenomena help inform conservation changing world.

Language: Английский

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Signal traditions and cultural loss in chimpanzees

Current Biology, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 35(3), P. R87 - R88

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

SummaryThe horizontal transmission of cultural knowledge is a powerful mechanism evolutionary change1. Across taxa, group-specific traditions are expressed in diverse contexts, such as foraging, tool use, self-care and socialization2. These arise when group members converge on specific behavioral phenotypes. When these phenotypes involve communicative signals, gestures, they termed dialects3. However, gestural dialects rare non-humans3. Behavioral can also be lost, well-documented phenomenon humans4, but rarely documented non-human animals5. Here, we find that chimpanzee gestures produced copulation solicitations show culturally established undergo loss due to human-induced population decline.

Language: Английский

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Joint Attention in Human and Chimpanzee Infants in Varied Socio‐Ecological Contexts

Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 86(4), P. 7 - 217

Published: Dec. 1, 2021

Abstract Joint attention (JA) is an early manifestation of social cognition, commonly described as interactions in which infant looks or gestures to adult female share about object, within a positive emotional atmosphere. We label this description the JA phenotype . argue that characterizing way reflects unexamined assumptions are, part, due past developmental researchers' primary focus on western, middle‐class infants and families. describe range cultural variations caregiving practices, socialization goals, parenting ethnotheories essential initial step viewing joint inclusive contextualized perspectives. begin process conducting decolonized study by considering core construct (i.e., triadic connectedness) adopting culturally definitions (labeled engagement [JE]). Our JE allow for be expressed visual tactile modalities (e.g., experiencing distal proximal caregiving), with various partners peers, older siblings, mothers), shared topics representing diverse socio‐ecologies without toys), tone living cultures valuing calmness low arousal, those exuberance). definition includes initiations from either partner (to include priorities adult‐led child‐led interactions). next foundational making ecological commitment naturalistic observations (Dahl, 2017, Child Dev Perspect, 11 (2), 79–84): measure while interact their own physical ecologies. This allows us it occurs everyday contexts, constraints imposed researchers. Next, we sample multiple groups drawn socio‐ecological settings. Moreover, samples chimpanzee compare human infants, investigate extent unique humans, document diversity both between species. sampled three U.K. ( n = 8) were families near universities south England. Nso 12) communities subsistence farmers Cameroon, Africa. Aka 10) foraging tropical rain forests Central African Republic, coded behavioral details videotaped (taken 2004 2010). occurred majority intervals Mdn 68%), supporting conclusion normative infants. The phenotype, contrast, was infrequent, significantly more common 10%) than other < 3%). found significant within‐species phenotypes configurations predominant forms characteristics). conclude connectedness very but there contextualization JE. also studied socio‐ecologies. PRI/Zoo 7) captive, stable mixed ages sexes, included 4 Chester Zoo, 3 Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. Gombe dynamically changing, wild community National Park, Tanzania, Additionally, two Home who reared birth scientist, combined U.S., contexts home university cognition laboratory. 1993 2006). during 64%), consistent position rare, observed (in 8% 2% intervals) Mdns 0%). comprising phenotypes. are contextualized. compared across species, no species‐uniqueness forms, characteristics, Both develop cognition. Within‐species embraced when definitions. In restricting privileges form most valued socio‐ecologies, irrespective whether involve presents model how decolonize important topic psychology. Decolonization accomplished defining phenomenon inclusively, embracing sampling, challenging claims human‐uniqueness, having observe contexts. It evolutionary theories re‐built empirical foundations.

Language: Английский

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Field experiments find no evidence that chimpanzee nut cracking can be independently innovated

Nature Human Behaviour, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 6(4), P. 487 - 494

Published: Jan. 24, 2022

Language: Английский

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Evidence from sperm whale clans of symbolic marking in non-human cultures

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 119(37)

Published: Sept. 8, 2022

Culture, a pillar of the remarkable ecological success humans, is increasingly recognized as powerful force structuring nonhuman animal populations. A key gap between these two types culture quantitative evidence symbolic markers-seemingly arbitrary traits that function reliable indicators cultural group membership to conspecifics. Using acoustic data collected from 23 Pacific Ocean locations, we provide certain sperm whale signals exhibit spatial patterns consistent with marker function. Culture segments populations into behaviorally distinct clans, which are defined based on dialects stereotyped click (codas). We classified 23,429 codas using contaminated mixture models and hierarchically clustered coda repertoires seven clans similarities in usage; then evaluated whether usage varied geographic distance within or overlap clans. Similarities within-clan both "identity codas" (coda diagnostic clan identity) "nonidentity used by multiple clans) decrease space repertoire recording locations increases. However, between-clan similarity identity, but not nonidentity, decreases This matches expectations if sympatry related measurable pressure diversify make divisions sharper, thereby providing identity markers identity. Our study provides traits, resembling human ethnic markers, conveying outside highlights distributions ethnolinguistic groups

Language: Английский

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In search of animal normativity: a framework for studying social norms in non‐human animals

Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 99(3), P. 1058 - 1074

Published: Jan. 24, 2024

Social norms - rules governing which behaviours are deemed appropriate or inappropriate within a given community typically taken to be uniquely human. Recently, this position has been challenged by number of philosophers, cognitive scientists, and ethologists, who have suggested that social may also found in certain non-human animal communities. Such claims elicited considerable scepticism from norm cognition researchers, doubt any animals possess the psychological capacities necessary for normative cognition. However, there is little agreement among these researchers about what prerequisites are. This makes empirical study difficult, since it not clear we looking thus should count as behavioural evidence presence (or absence) animals. To break impasse, offer an approach moves beyond contested criteria norms. inspired culture research program, made similar shift away heavily definitions 'culture' become organised around cluster more empirically tractable concepts culture. Here, propose analogous set constructs built core notion regularity, define socially maintained pattern conformity community. We suggest methods studying potential regularities wild captive primates. discuss broader scientific philosophical implications program with respect questions human uniqueness, welfare conservation.

Language: Английский

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