<strong>Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines Against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2</strong> DOI Open Access
Kritika Srinivasan Rajsri, Meena Singh, Mana Rao

et al.

Published: March 6, 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant of concern has been the dominant cause worldwide COVID-19 cases since 2022. All sublineage viruses have demonstrated high transmissibility and an ability to escape vaccine-induced immunity. While first-generation vaccines, including monovalent continue provide protection against disease, hospitalization mortality, their efficacy sub variants remains sparse. These vaccines also associated with rapidly waning primary reinfections conferred by evolving sublineages.. This led development deployment updated introduction bivalent booster. Through this review, we highlight brief journey leading dominance effectiveness key these variants, (bivalent) boosters.

Language: Английский

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: burden of disease, impact on vaccine effectiveness and need for variant-adapted vaccines DOI Creative Commons
Shanti Pather, Shabir A. Madhi, Benjamin J. Cowling

et al.

Frontiers in Immunology, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 14

Published: May 23, 2023

The highly transmissible Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in late 2021. Initial waves were primarily made up sub-lineages BA.1 and/or BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 subsequently became dominant mid-2022, several descendants these have since emerged. infections generally caused less disease on average than those by earlier variants concern healthy adult populations, at least, part, due to increased population immunity. Nevertheless, healthcare systems many countries, particularly with low immunity, been overwhelmed unprecedented surges prevalence during waves. Pediatric admissions also higher compared previous concern. All exhibit partial escape from wild-type (Wuhan-Hu 1) spike-based vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies, more enhanced immuno-evasive properties emerging over time. Evaluating vaccine effectiveness (VE) against has become challenging a complex background varying coverage, platforms, prior infection rates, hybrid Original messenger RNA booster doses substantially improved VE or BA.2 symptomatic disease. However, protection waned, reductions months after administration. While original CD8 + CD4 T-cell responses cross-recognize sub-lineages, thereby retaining outcomes, variant-adapted vaccines are required expand the breadth B-cell improve durability protection. Variant-adapted rolled out 2022 increase overall antigenically aligned immune mechanisms.

Language: Английский

Citations

51
Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from Infection and Vaccination—Evidence Synthesis and Implications for New COVID-19 Vaccines DOI Creative Commons
Júlia Spinardi, Amit Srivastava

Biomedicines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 11(2), P. 370 - 370

Published: Jan. 27, 2023

COVID-19 has taken a severe toll on the global population through infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Elucidating SARS-CoV-2 infection-derived immunity led to development of multiple effective vaccines their implementation into mass-vaccination programs worldwide. After ~3 years, substantial proportion human possesses from infection and/or vaccination. With waning immune protection over time against emerging variants, it is essential understand duration protection, breadth coverage, effects reinfection. This targeted review summarizes available research literature infection-derived, vaccination-elicited, hybrid immunity. Infection-derived shown 93-100% outcomes for up 8 months, but reinfection observed with some virus variants. Vaccination elicits high levels neutralizing antibodies CD4+ CD8+ T-cell responses. Hybrid enables strong, broad responses, high-quality memory B cells generated at 5- 10-fold higher levels, versus or vaccination alone symptomatic disease lasting 6-8 months. evolution more transmissible immunologically divergent variants necessitated updating vaccines. To ensure continued regulators vaccine technical committees recommend variant-specific bivalent

Language: Английский

Citations

35
SARS-CoV-2 variant transition dynamics are associated with vaccination rates, number of co-circulating variants, and convalescent immunity DOI Creative Commons
Lauren J. Beesley, Kelly R. Moran, Kshitij Wagh

et al.

EBioMedicine, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 91, P. 104534 - 104534

Published: March 31, 2023

Language: Английский

Citations

27
Durable reprogramming of neutralizing antibody responses following Omicron breakthrough infection DOI Creative Commons
Wen Shi Lee, Hyon‐Xhi Tan, Arnold Reynaldi

et al.

Science Advances, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 9(29)

Published: July 21, 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) breakthrough infection of vaccinated individuals is increasingly common with the circulation highly immune evasive and transmissible Omicron variants. Here, we report dynamics durability recalled spike-specific humoral immunity following BA.1 or BA.2 infection, longitudinal sampling up to 8 months after infection. Both infections robustly boosted neutralization activity against infecting strain while expanding breadth BA.4, although was substantially reduced for more recent XBB BQ.1.1 strains. Cross-reactive memory B cells both ancestral spike were predominantly expanded by limited recruitment de novo Omicron-specific antibodies. Modeling titers predicts that protection from symptomatic reinfection antigenically similar strains will be durable but undermined new emerging further escape.

Language: Английский

Citations

23
Progressive loss of conserved spike protein neutralizing antibody sites in Omicron sublineages is balanced by preserved T cell immunity DOI Creative Commons
Alexander Muik, Bonny Gaby Lui,

Jasmin Quandt

et al.

Cell Reports, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 42(8), P. 112888 - 112888

Published: July 31, 2023

Evolution of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant has led to emergence sublineages with different patterns neutralizing antibody evasion. We report that BA.4/BA.5 breakthrough infection individuals immunized SARS-CoV-2 wild-type-strain-based mRNA vaccines results in a boost BA.4.6, BF.7, BQ.1.1, and BA.2.75 neutralization but does not efficiently BA.2.75.2, XBB, or XBB.1.5 neutralization. In silico analyses showed spike glycoprotein lost most B cell epitopes, especially XBB.1.5. contrast, T epitopes are conserved across variants including responses mRNA-vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2-naive against wild-type strain, BA.1, were comparable, suggesting immunity recent may remain largely unaffected. While some effectively evade immunity, spike-protein-specific due nature polymorphic cell-mediated immune responses, continue contribute prevention/limitation COVID-19 manifestation.

Language: Английский

Citations

23
Adjuvantation of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine with controlled tissue-specific expression of an mRNA encoding IL-12p70 DOI
Byron Brook, Valérie Duval, Soumik Barman

et al.

Science Translational Medicine, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 16(757)

Published: July 24, 2024

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were pivotal in reducing severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection burden, yet they have not demonstrated robust durability, especially older adults. Here, we describe a molecular adjuvant comprising lipid nanoparticle (LNP)–encapsulated mRNA encoding interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70). The bioactive was engineered with multiorgan protection (MOP) sequence to restrict transcript expression the intramuscular injection site. Admixing IL-12–MOP (CTX-1796) BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine increased spike protein–specific immune responses mice. Specifically, benefits of adjuvantation included amplified humoral and cellular immunity durability for 1 year after vaccination An additional benefit restoration aged mice amounts comparable those achieved young adult animals, alongside amplification single immunization. Associated enhanced dendritic cell germinal center observed. Together, these data demonstrate that an LNP-encapsulated mRNA-encoded can amplify immunogenicity independent age, demonstrating translational potential vulnerable populations.

Language: Английский

Citations

10
Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Advancement in Diagnostic and Detection Techniques, and Post-Pandemic Treatment Strategies DOI Open Access

Y.-C. Chung,

Ching-Yin Lam,

Pak-Hei Tan

et al.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 25(15), P. 8155 - 8155

Published: July 26, 2024

At present, COVID-19 remains a public health concern due to the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its prevalence in particular countries. This paper provides an updated overview epidemiology pathogenesis COVID-19, with focus on emergence variants phenomenon known as ‘long COVID’. Meanwhile, diagnostic detection advances will be mentioned. Though many inventions have been made combat pandemic, some outstanding ones include multiplex RT-PCR, which can used for accurate diagnosis infection. ELISA-based antigen tests also appear potential tools available future. discusses current treatments, vaccination strategies, well emerging cell-based therapies The underscores necessity us continuously update scientific understanding treatments it.

Language: Английский

Citations

10
SMART-lipid nanoparticles enabled mRNA vaccine elicits cross-reactive humoral responses against the omicron sub-variants DOI

Gokulnath Mahalingam,

Hari Krishnareddy Rachamalla,

Porkizhi Arjunan

et al.

Molecular Therapy, Journal Year: 2024, Volume and Issue: 32(5), P. 1284 - 1297

Published: Feb. 27, 2024

Language: Английский

Citations

7
Clinical development of variant-adapted BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines: the early Omicron era DOI Creative Commons
Shanti Pather, Alexander Muik, Ruben Rizzi

et al.

Expert Review of Vaccines, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 22(1), P. 650 - 661

Published: July 7, 2023

Introduction The Omicron BA.1 variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent sub-lineages exhibit partial escape from neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccines containing or encoding wild-type spike protein. In response to the emergence sub-lineages, variant-adapted that contain encode for protein components have been developed.Areas covered This review presents currently available clinical immunogenicity safety data on versions BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine summarizes expected mechanism action, rationale development, these vaccines. addition, challenges encountered during development regulatory approval are discussed.Expert opinion Omicron-adapted provide a wider breadth potentially more durable protection against antigenically aligned variants when compared with original vaccine. As SARS-CoV-2 continues evolve, further updates may be required. To facilitate this, globally harmonized process transition updated is needed. Next-generation approaches broader future variants.

Language: Английский

Citations

16
Single-epitope T cell–based vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a preclinical animal model DOI Creative Commons
Takuya Tada,

Ju-Yi Peng,

Belinda M. Dcosta

et al.

JCI Insight, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 8(7)

Published: April 9, 2023

Currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines induce humoral and cellular responses to epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, though relative roles of antibodies T cells protection are not well understood. To understand role vaccine-elicited cell protection, we established a cell-only vaccine using DC-targeted lentiviral vector expressing single CD8+ viral nucleocapsid, spike, ORF1. Immunization angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice with ex vivo vector-transduced DCs or by direct injection induced proliferation functional antigen-specific cells, resulting 3-log decrease virus load upon live challenge that was effective against ancestral Omicron variants. The Pfizer/BNT162b2 also protective mice, but elicited did cross-react on variants, suggesting mediated cells. studies suggest response plays an important protection. findings incorporation additional into current would increase their effectiveness broaden

Language: Английский

Citations

15