The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 99(4), P. 1877 - 2013

Published: Aug. 28, 2019

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, past 15 yr have seen emergence microbiota (the trillions microorganisms within and on our bodies) as one key regulators function led to appreciation a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. This is gaining ever more traction fields investigating biological physiological basis psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, age-related, neurodegenerative disorders. brain communicate with each other via various routes including immune system, tryptophan metabolism, vagus nerve enteric nervous involving microbial metabolites such short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino peptidoglycans. Many factors can influence composition early life, infection, mode birth delivery, use antibiotic medications, nature nutritional provision, environmental stressors, host genetics. At extreme diversity diminishes aging. Stress, particular, significantly impact at all stages life. Much recent work implicated gut many conditions autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease. Animal models paramount linking regulation fundamental neural processes, neurogenesis myelination, microbiome activation microglia. Moreover, translational human studies are ongoing will greatly enhance field. Future focus understanding mechanisms underlying attempt elucidate microbial-based intervention therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric

Language: Английский

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Microbiota in health and diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Journal Year: 2022, Volume and Issue: 7(1)

Published: April 23, 2022

Abstract The role of microbiota in health and diseases is being highlighted by numerous studies since its discovery. Depending on the localized regions, can be classified into gut, oral, respiratory, skin microbiota. microbial communities are symbiosis with host, contributing to homeostasis regulating immune function. However, dysbiosis lead dysregulation bodily functions including cardiovascular (CVDs), cancers, respiratory diseases, etc. In this review, we discuss current knowledge how links host or pathogenesis. We first summarize research healthy conditions, gut-brain axis, colonization resistance modulation. Then, highlight pathogenesis disease development progression, primarily associated community composition, modulation response, induction chronic inflammation. Finally, introduce clinical approaches that utilize for treatment, such as fecal transplantation.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Lung and Gut Microbiota in the Pathology of Asthma

Immunity, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 52(2), P. 241 - 255

Published: Feb. 1, 2020

Language: Английский

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How to select a probiotic? A review and update of methods and criteria

Biotechnology Advances, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 36(8), P. 2060 - 2076

Published: Sept. 26, 2018

Language: Английский

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The gut mycobiota: insights into analysis, environmental interactions and role in gastrointestinal diseases

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: unknown

Published: March 1, 2019

Language: Английский

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Not all animals need a microbiome

FEMS Microbiology Letters, Journal Year: 2019, Volume and Issue: 366(10)

Published: May 1, 2019

ABSTRACT It is often taken for granted that all animals host and depend upon a microbiome, yet this has only been shown small proportion of species. We propose span continuum reliance on microbial symbionts. At one end are the famously symbiont-dependent species such as aphids, humans, corals cows, in which microbes abundant important to fitness. In middle may tolerate some colonization but minimally or facultatively dependent. other lack beneficial symbionts altogether. While their existence seem improbable, capable limiting growth bodies, microbially independent lifestyle be favored by selection under circumstances. There already evidence several ‘microbiome-free’ lineages represent distantly related branches animal phylogeny. discuss why these have received little attention, highlighting potential contaminants, transients, parasites masquerade also suggest ways explore microbiomes address limitations DNA sequencing. call further research microbiome-free taxa provide more complete understanding ecology evolution macrobe-microbe interactions.

Language: Английский

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The impact of the Fungus-Host-Microbiota interplay uponCandida albicansinfections: current knowledge and new perspectives

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 45(3)

Published: Nov. 18, 2020

Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans. It exists as commensal in the oral cavity, gut or genital tract most individuals, constrained by local microbiota, epithelial barriers and immune defences. Their perturbation can lead to outgrowth development mucosal infections such oropharyngeal vulvovaginal candidiasis, patients with compromised immunity are susceptible life-threatening systemic infections. The importance interplay between fungus, host microbiota driving transition from C. commensalism pathogenicity widely appreciated. However, complexity these interactions, significant impact fungal, variability upon disease severity outcome, less well understood. Therefore, we summarise features fungus that promote infection, how genetic variation clinical isolates influences pathogenicity. We discuss antifungal immunity, this differs mucosae, individual person's susceptibility infection. Also, describe factors influence composition gut, vaginal microbiotas, affect colonisation immunity. argue detailed understanding variables, which underlie fungal-host-microbiota will present opportunities for directed therapies benefit vulnerable patients.

Language: Английский

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Gut Microbiota beyond Bacteria—Mycobiome, Virome, Archaeome, and Eukaryotic Parasites in IBD

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 21(8), P. 2668 - 2668

Published: April 11, 2020

The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions as well numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the also includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, interaction one another or host immune system have not been widely explored. This review covers recent findings on communities gastrointestinal involvement health disease, particular focus pathophysiology inflammatory bowel disease.

Language: Английский

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Intestinal fungi are causally implicated in microbiome assembly and immune development in mice

Nature Communications, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 11(1)

Published: May 22, 2020

Abstract The gut microbiome consists of a multi-kingdom microbial community. Whilst the role bacteria as causal contributors governing host physiological development is well established, fungi remains to be determined. Here, we use germ-free mice colonized with defined species bacteria, fungi, or both differentiate on assembly, immune development, susceptibility colitis, and airway inflammation. Fungal colonization promotes major shifts in bacterial ecology, has an independent effect innate adaptive young mice. While exclusive fungal insufficient elicit overt dextran sulfate sodium-induced co-colonization increase colonic Ovalbumin-induced inflammation reveals that bacterial, but not necessary decrease inflammation, yet selectively macrophage infiltration airway. Together, our findings demonstrate for ecology functionality, therefore prompt inclusion therapeutic approaches aimed at modulating early life microbiomes.

Language: Английский

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Antifungal Peptides as Therapeutic Agents

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: March 17, 2020

Fungi have been used since ancient times in food and beverage-making processes and, more recently, harnessed for the production of antibiotics relevance to bioeconomy. Moreover, they are starting gain attention as a key component human microbiome. However, fungi also responsible infections. The incidence community-acquired nosocomial fungal infections has increased considerably recent decades. Antibiotic resistance development, increasing number immunodeficiency- and/or immunosuppression-related diseases limited therapeutic options available triggering search novel alternatives. These new antifungals should be less toxic host, with targeted or broader antimicrobial spectra (to allow known unknown aetiology, respectively) modes actions that limit potential emergence among pathogenic fungi. Given these criteria, peptides antifungal properties, i.e., (AFPs), emerged powerful candidates due their efficacy high selectivity. In this review, we provide an overview bioactivity classification AFPs (natural synthetic) well mode action advantages over current drugs. Additionally, natural, heterologous synthetic view greater levels exploitation is discussed. Finally, evaluate applications peptides, along future challenges relating treatments.

Language: Английский

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