The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces

Virology Journal, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 17(1)

Published: Oct. 7, 2020

Abstract Background The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe been alarming. While role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on environmental stability SARS-CoV-2 required to determine risks from contaminated surfaces. Methods This study measured survival rates infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, several common surface types. All experiments were carried out dark, negate any effects UV light. Inoculated surfaces incubated 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 sampled various time points. Results Survival determined different temperatures D-values, Z-values half-life calculated. We obtained half lives between 1.7 2.7 days reducing few hours when temperature was elevated °C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent highest titres excreted by patients, viable virus isolated for up 28 such as glass, stainless steel both paper polymer banknotes. Conversely, survived less than 24 h some Conclusion These findings demonstrate can remain significantly longer periods generally considered possible. results could be used inform improved risk mitigation procedures prevent COVID-19.

Language: Английский

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Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 25(1)

Published: Nov. 3, 2020

Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via droplets during close person-to-person contact closed space, especially building. article summarizes the environmental factors involved transmission, including strategy to prevent transmission building environment. persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending conditions. If is aerosolized intentionally, it stable several hours. inactivated rapidly with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol through smaller particles likely combined confined, crowded, poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested some cluster cases. Although evidence effect limited uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures control quality are required, based precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages public health, community, social economy. expert panel Japan focused “3 Cs,” namely, “closed spaces poor ventilation,” “crowded many people,” “close contact.” In addition, Ministry Health, Labour Welfare been recommending ventilation all accordance existing standards Law Maintenance Sanitation Buildings one initial political actions COVID-19. However, specific have not recommended scientific uncertainties remain regarding dynamics mode spaces. Further research evaluation required role control, ventilation.

Language: Английский

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Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses

eLife, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: April 27, 2021

Ambient temperature and humidity strongly affect inactivation rates of enveloped viruses, but a mechanistic, quantitative theory these effects has been elusive. We measure the stability SARS-CoV-2 on an inert surface at nine conditions develop mechanistic model to explain predict how alter virus inactivation. find survives longest low temperatures extreme relative humidities (RH); median estimated half-life is >24 hr 10°C 40% RH, ∼1.5 27°C 65% RH. Our uses fundamental chemistry why rate increases with increased shows U-shaped dependence The accurately predicts existing measurements five different human coronaviruses, suggesting that shared mechanisms may for many viruses. results indicate scenarios high transmission risk, point mitigation strategies, advance study transmission.

Language: Английский

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The influence of temperature, humidity, and simulated sunlight on the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols

Aerosol Science and Technology, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 55(2), P. 142 - 153

Published: Oct. 5, 2020

Recent evidence suggests that respiratory aerosols may play a role in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated simulated sunlight inactivated and on surfaces. In present study, we extend these findings to include persistence across range temperature, humidity, levels using an environmentally controlled rotating drum aerosol chamber. The results demonstrate sunlight, humidity are all significant factors influencing infectious aerosols, but temperature have greater influence decay than conditions tested. time needed for 90% decrease virus ranged from 4.8 min at 40 °C, 20% relative high intensity representative noon clear day summer solstice 4°N latitude, two hours under those expected indoors or night. These suggest naturally occurring be affected by environmental conditions, aerosolized could remain extended periods some conditions. study provides comprehensive dataset parameters survival can utilized, along with data viral shedding infected individuals inhalational dose, inform future modeling risk assessment efforts.

Language: Английский

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Health, work performance, and risk of infection in office-like environments: The role of indoor temperature, air humidity, and ventilation

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, Journal Year: 2021, Volume and Issue: 233, P. 113709 - 113709

Published: Feb. 16, 2021

Language: Английский

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Longitudinal Monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on High-Touch Surfaces in a Community Setting

Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8(2), P. 168 - 175

Published: Dec. 14, 2020

Environmental surveillance of surface contamination is an unexplored tool for understanding transmission SARS-CoV-2 in community settings. We conducted longitudinal swab sampling high-touch non-porous surfaces a Massachusetts town during COVID-19 outbreak from April to June 2020. Twenty-nine 348 (8.3%) samples were positive RNA, including crosswalk buttons, trash can handles, and door handles essential business entrances (grocery store, liquor bank, gas station). The estimated risk infection touching contaminated was low (less than 5 10,000) by quantitative microbial assessment, suggesting fomites play minimal role transmission. weekly percentage (out n = 33 unique per week) best predicted variation city-level cases with 7-day lead time. RNA on may be useful provide early warning case trends.

Language: Английский

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Contamination of inert surfaces by SARS-CoV-2: Persistence, stability and infectivity. A review

Environmental Research, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 193, P. 110559 - 110559

Published: Dec. 1, 2020

Language: Английский

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Unlocking the surge in demand for personal and protective equipment (PPE) and improvised face coverings arising from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic – Implications for efficacy, re-use and sustainable waste management

The Science of The Total Environment, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 752, P. 142259 - 142259

Published: Sept. 10, 2020

Currently, there is no effective vaccine for tackling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 with occurrence of repeat waves infection frequently stretching hospital resources beyond capacity. Disease countermeasures rely upon preventing person-to-person transmission SARS-CoV2 so as to protect front-line healthcare workers (HCWs). brings enormous challenges in terms sustaining supply chain single-use-plastic personal and protective equipment (PPE). Post-COVID-19, changes medical practice will drive high demand PPE. Important include mitigating potential risk aerosol setting using PPE (such filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs)) appropriate use face coverings general public that carries a lower risk. reuse short term solution during where increased evidence deployment reprocessing methods such vaporized hydrogen peroxide (30 35% VH2O2) used alone or combined ozone, ultraviolet light at 254 nm (2000 mJ/cm2) moist heat (60 °C humidity 60 min). Barriers potentially trust acceptance HCWs. Efficacy are influenced wearing cover nose mouth, type material used, number layers, duration wearing, superior ties over ear loops. Insertion clip into cloth may help maintaining fit. Use min as, domestic washing machine spin dryer) has been advocated covering decontamination. Risk virus infiltration improvised due humidity, liquid diffusion retention. Future sustained be availability recyclable innovative biomedical waste management.

Language: Английский

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Tracing surface and airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA inside public buses and subway trains

Environment International, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 147, P. 106326 - 106326

Published: Dec. 9, 2020

Given the widespread concern but general lack of information over possibility SARS-CoV-2 infection in public transport, key issues such as passenger personal hygiene, efficient air circulation systems, and effective disinfection frequently touched surfaces need to be evaluated educate diminish risk viral transmission we learn live with ongoing pandemic. In this context report on a study involving collection 99 samples taken from inside Barcelona buses subway trains May July 2020. From sample group 82 (58 surface swabs, 9 conditioning (a/c) filters, 3 a/c dust, 12 ambient air) were selected analysed by RT-PCR for traces virus. Thirty these showed evidence one or more target RNA gene regions specific virus (IP2, IP4, E). Most (24) 30 positivity only 1 targets, 4 yielded 2 provided all targets. remnants common swabs support bars (23 out 58) than vehicles (3 12), relatively higher concentrations fragments rather trains. Whereas train filters examined virus-free, bus filter/dust RNA. After nocturnal maintenance cleaning most initially yielding positive results subsequently elimination signal, although signs remained 13 samples. The presence remnant however does not demonstrate infectivity, which present is considered unlikely given fragmentary nature targets detected. Nevertheless, best practice demands that close attention ventilation systems regular vehicle transport worldwide rigorously applied at eliminating throughout vehicle, especially times when COVID-19 cases are peaking. Additionally, infectivity tests should implemented evaluate efficiency procedures complement resulting analysis. Modelling probability whilst travelling under different scenarios indicates forced greatly reduces risk.

Language: Английский

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Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Physical Principles and Implications

Frontiers in Public Health, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 8

Published: Nov. 23, 2020

Evidence has emerged that SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus causes COVID-19, can be transmitted airborne in aerosol particles as well larger droplets or by surface deposits. This minireview outlines underlying science, making links to research other disciplines. SARS-CoV-2 is emitted form during normal breathing both asymptomatic and symptomatic people, remaining viable with a half-life of up about an hour which air movement carry it considerable distances, although simultaneously disperses. The proportion droplet size distribution within range depends on sites origin respiratory tract whether presented number volume basis. Evaporation fragmentation reduce droplets, whereas coalescence increases mean size. Aerosol containing also coalesce pollution particulates, infection rates correlate pollution. operation ventilation systems public buildings transportation create hazards via aerosols, but provides opportunities for reducing risk transmission ways simple switching from recirculated outside air. There are inactivate sunlight UV lamps. efficiency masks blocking strongly how they fit. Research areas urgently need further experimentation include basis variation viral load, including "superspreader" individuals; evolution sizes after emission, their interaction pollutant aerosols dispersal turbulence, gives different social distancing.

Language: Английский

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