Neuroinflammation pathways: a general review

International Journal of Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2016, Volume and Issue: 127(7), P. 624 - 633

Published: July 14, 2016

Activated microglial cells play an important role in immune and inflammatory responses central nervous system neurodegenerative diseases. Many pro-apoptotic pathways are mediated by signaling molecules that produced during neuroinflammation. In glial cells, NF-κB, a transcription factor, initiates regulates the expression of several processes inflammation which attributed to pathology this review, we discuss most neuroinflammatory mediators with their pathways. Attenuating cytokines production controlling response, result understanding neuroinflammation pathways, considered therapeutic strategies for treating diseases component.

Language: Английский

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Delirium pathophysiology: An updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 33(11), P. 1428 - 1457

Published: Dec. 26, 2017

Delirium is the most common neuropsychiatric syndrome encountered by clinicians dealing with older adults and medically ill best characterized 5 core domains: cognitive deficits, attentional circadian rhythm dysregulation, emotional alteration in psychomotor functioning.An extensive literature review consolidation of published data into a novel interpretation known pathophysiological causes delirium.Available suggest that numerous pathological factors may serve as precipitants for delirium, each having differential effects depending on patient-specific patient physiological characteristics (substrate). On basis an search, newly proposed theory, systems integration failure hypothesis, was developed to bring together salient previously described theories, describing various contributions from complex web pathways-highlighting areas intersection commonalities explaining how variable contribution these lead development behavioral dysfunctions characteristic delirium. The specific manifestations delirium picture result combination neurotransmitter function availability, variability processing sensory information, motor responses both external internal cues, degree breakdown neuronal network connectivity, hence term acute brain failure.The hypothesis attempts explain pathophysiologic theories interact other, causing clinically observed phenotypes. A better understanding underlying pathophysiology eventually assist designing prevention management approaches.

Language: Английский

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Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: Roles of microglia-mediated synaptic remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress

Neurobiology of Stress, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 9, P. 9 - 21

Published: May 19, 2018

Microglia are the predominant immune cells of central nervous system (CNS) that exert key physiological roles required for maintaining CNS homeostasis, notably in response to chronic stress, as well mediating synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. The repeated exposure stress confers a higher risk developing neurodegenerative diseases including sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). While microglia have been causally linked amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, loss AD, they were also attributed beneficial roles, phagocytic elimination Aβ. In this review, we discuss interactions between AD overview played by especially focusing on an environmental factor modulating their function, present recently-described microglial phenotypes associated with neuroprotection AD. These observed under both pathology may provide novel opportunities development better-targeted therapeutic interventions.

Language: Английский

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Microglia, Lifestyle Stress, and Neurodegeneration

Immunity, Journal Year: 2020, Volume and Issue: 52(2), P. 222 - 240

Published: Jan. 7, 2020

Language: Английский

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Treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, Journal Year: 2017, Volume and Issue: 11

Published: Aug. 16, 2017

Autoimmune encephalitis is one of the most rapidly growing research topics in neurology. Along with discoveries novel antibodies associated disease, clinical experience and outcomes diverse immunotherapeutic agents treatment autoimmune are accumulating. Retrospective observations indicate that early aggressive better functional fewer relapses. Immune response to first-line (corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, immunoadsorption) fair, but approximately half or more patients administered second-line immunotherapy (rituximab cyclophosphamide). A small significant proportion refractory all first- therapies require further treatment. Although several investigations have shown promising alternatives, low absolute number involved necessitates evidence establish strategies. In this review, used for discussed recent attempts at finding new options introduced.

Language: Английский

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The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response

Physiological Reviews, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 98(4), P. 2225 - 2286

Published: Aug. 15, 2018

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in presence real or perceived challenges. In this function, brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt current future demands. A maladaptive has been linked etiology a variety disorders, such as anxiety mood eating metabolic syndrome. neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) its relatives, urocortins 1–3, concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged central components response. This peptidergic system impinges on broad spectrum processes are basis successful adaptation concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, behavioral responses. review focuses physiology CRF-related peptides cognate aim providing comprehensive up-to-date overview field. We describe major molecular features covering aspects gene expression regulation, structural properties, interactions, well mechanisms signal transduction surveillance. addition, we discuss large body published experimental studies focusing state-of-the-art genetic approaches high temporal spatial precision, which collectively aimed dissect contribution ligands different levels controversies field unravel knowledge gaps might pave way research directions open up novel opportunities therapeutic intervention.

Language: Английский

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Microglia Gone Rogue: Impacts on Psychiatric Disorders across the Lifespan

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Journal Year: 2018, Volume and Issue: 10

Published: Jan. 3, 2018

Microglia are the predominant immune response cells and professional phagocytes of central nervous system (CNS) that have been shown to be important for brain development homeostasis. These present a broad spectrum phenotypes across stages lifespan especially in CNS diseases. Their prevalence all neurological pathologies makes it pertinent reexamine their distinct roles during steady-state disease conditions. A major question field is determining whether clustering phenotypical transformation microglial leading causes pathogenesis, or potentially neuroprotective responses onset disease. The recent explosive growth our understanding origin homeostasis microglia, uncovering shaping neural circuitry synaptic plasticity, allows us discuss emerging functions contexts cognitive control psychiatric disorders. mesodermal genetic signature microglia contrast other neuroglial also make them an interesting target therapeutics. Here, we review physiological contribution effects environmental risk factors (e.g., maternal infection, early-life stress, dietary imbalance), impact on disorders initiated Nasu-Hakola disease, hereditary diffuse leukoencephaly with spheroids, Rett syndrome, autism disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder) adulthood alcohol drug abuse, depressive disorder, bipolar schizophrenia, eating sleep disorders). Furthermore, changes context aging, implication neurodegenerative diseases aged adult Alzheimer's Parkinson's). Taking into account identification microglia-specific markers, availability compounds these selectively vivo, consider prospect intervention via route.

Language: Английский

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The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders

Cells, Journal Year: 2023, Volume and Issue: 12(23), P. 2726 - 2726

Published: Nov. 29, 2023

Cortisol, a critical glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays pivotal role in various physiological processes. Its release is finely orchestrated suprachiasmatic nucleus, governing circadian rhythm and activating intricate hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, vital neuroendocrine system responsible for stress response maintaining homeostasis. Disruptions cortisol regulation due to chronic stress, disease, aging have profound implications multiple bodily systems. Animal models been instrumental elucidating these complex dynamics during shedding light on interplay between physiological, neuroendocrine, immune factors response. These also revealed impact of stressors, including social hierarchies, highlighting regulation. Moreover, closely linked progression neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s Parkinson’s, driven excessive production HPA axis dysregulation, along with neuroinflammation central nervous system. The relationship dysregulation major depressive disorder complex, characterized hyperactivity inflammation. Lastly, pain associated abnormal patterns that heighten sensitivity susceptibility. Understanding multifaceted mechanisms their effects essential, as they offer insights into potential interventions mitigate detrimental consequences conditions.

Language: Английский

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Understanding of Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology for Therapeutic Implications of Natural Products as Neuroprotective Agents

Ageing Research Reviews, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: unknown, P. 102680 - 102680

Published: Feb. 1, 2025

Language: Английский

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Vortioxetine’s Therapeutic Potential: Cardiac Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in a Rat Model

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Journal Year: 2025, Volume and Issue: 122(2)

Published: Jan. 1, 2025

Abstract Background Stress arises in response to threats or challenges, affecting both physical and mental health. While its harmful effects on the heart are widely recognized, cellular-level investigations remain limited. Antidepressants, including vortioxetine (VOR), known impact cardiovascular system. VOR, used treat major depressive disorder, is considered a promising option for patients with disease due anti-inflammatory antioxidant properties, which may reduce cardiac damage. Objectives This study aimed assess of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat hearts evaluate VOR’s potential protective against stress-induced Methods Twenty-eight male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups. The CUMS group experienced random daily 6 weeks, while CUMS+VOR received VOR treatment alongside stress. control groups not exposed Heart samples examined histopathologically immunohistochemically. Results showed increased hyperemia, hemorrhage, edema, vacuolar degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltrations, reduced troponin IL-10 caspase-3 NF-κB expressions compared (p≤0.001). improved these findings, normalizing histopathological immunohistochemical results. Conclusions caused significant damage rats, by alleviating pathological changes.

Language: Английский

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