International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Journal Year:
2020,
Volume and Issue:
21(6), P. 1960 - 1960
Published: March 13, 2020
Cyclin-dependent
kinases
(CDKs)
are
serine/threonine
whose
catalytic
activities
regulated
by
interactions
with
cyclins
and
CDK
inhibitors
(CKIs).
CDKs
key
regulatory
enzymes
involved
in
cell
proliferation
through
regulating
cell-cycle
checkpoints
transcriptional
events
response
to
extracellular
intracellular
signals.
Not
surprisingly,
the
dysregulation
of
is
a
hallmark
cancers,
inhibition
specific
members
considered
an
attractive
target
cancer
therapy.
In
breast
(BC),
dual
CDK4/6
inhibitors,
palbociclib,
ribociclib,
abemaciclib,
combined
other
agents,
were
approved
Food
Drug
Administration
(FDA)
recently
for
treatment
hormone
receptor
positive
(HR+)
advanced
or
metastatic
(A/MBC),
as
well
sub-types
cancer.
Furthermore,
ongoing
studies
identified
more
selective
promising
clinical
targets.
this
review,
we
focus
on
roles
driving
progression,
checkpoints,
regulation,
highlight
dysregulated
activation
BC.
We
also
discuss
most
relevant
currently
BC
trials,
special
emphasis
used
estrogen
receptor-positive
(ER+)/human
epidermal
growth
factor
2-negative
(HER2−)
M/ABC
patients,
emerging
precise
therapeutic
strategies,
such
combination
therapies
microRNA
(miRNA)
New England Journal of Medicine,
Journal Year:
2016,
Volume and Issue:
375(20), P. 1925 - 1936
Published: Nov. 16, 2016
A
phase
2
study
showed
that
progression-free
survival
was
longer
with
palbociclib
plus
letrozole
than
alone
in
the
initial
treatment
of
postmenopausal
women
estrogen-receptor
(ER)–positive,
human
epidermal
growth
factor
receptor
(HER2)–negative
advanced
breast
cancer.
We
performed
a
3
designed
to
confirm
and
expand
efficacy
safety
data
for
this
indication.
Science,
Journal Year:
2013,
Volume and Issue:
341(6141), P. 84 - 87
Published: July 4, 2013
The
efficacy
of
therapeutics
is
dependent
on
a
drug
binding
to
its
cognate
target.
Optimization
target
engagement
by
drugs
in
cells
often
challenging,
because
cannot
be
monitored
inside
cells.
We
have
developed
method
for
evaluating
proteins
and
tissue
samples.
This
cellular
thermal
shift
assay
(CETSA)
based
the
biophysical
principle
ligand-induced
stabilization
proteins.
Using
this
assay,
we
validated
set
important
clinical
targets
processes
transport
activation,
off-target
effects
resistance
cancer
cell
lines,
as
well
distribution
tissues.
CETSA
likely
become
valuable
tool
validation
optimization
engagement.
Cancers,
Journal Year:
2017,
Volume and Issue:
9(5), P. 52 - 52
Published: May 17, 2017
The
epidermal
growth
factor
receptor
(EGFR)
is
a
tyrosine
kinase
that
commonly
upregulated
in
cancers
such
as
non-small-cell
lung
cancer,
metastatic
colorectal
glioblastoma,
head
and
neck
pancreatic
breast
cancer.
Various
mechanisms
mediate
the
upregulation
of
EGFR
activity,
including
common
mutations
truncations
to
its
extracellular
domain,
EGFRvIII
truncations,
well
L858R
T790M
mutations,
or
exon
19
truncation.
These
aberrations
over-activate
downstream
pro-oncogenic
signaling
pathways,
RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK
MAPK
AKT-PI3K-mTOR
pathways.
pathways
then
activate
many
biological
outputs
are
beneficial
cancer
cell
proliferation,
their
chronic
initiation
progression
through
cycle.
Here,
we
review
molecular
regulate
signal
transduction,
structure
ligand
binding
dimerization,
lead
G1
cycle
progression.
We
focus
on
induction
CYCLIN
D
expression,
CDK4/6
activation,
repression
cyclin-dependent
inhibitor
proteins
(CDKi)
by
also
discuss
successes
challenges
EGFR-targeted
therapies,
potential
for
use
combination
with
inhibitors.
Breast Cancer Research,
Journal Year:
2009,
Volume and Issue:
11(5)
Published: Oct. 29, 2009
Alterations
in
cell
cycle
regulators
have
been
implicated
human
malignancies
including
breast
cancer.
PD
0332991
is
an
orally
active,
highly
selective
inhibitor
of
the
cyclin
D
kinases
(CDK)4
and
CDK6
with
ability
to
block
retinoblastoma
(Rb)
phosphorylation
low
nanomolar
range.
To
identify
predictors
response,
we
determined
vitro
sensitivity
across
a
panel
molecularly
characterized
cancer
lines.Forty-seven
immortalized
lines
representing
known
molecular
subgroups
were
treated
determine
IC50
values.
These
data
analyzed
against
baseline
gene
expression
genes
associated
response.Cell
luminal
estrogen
receptor-positive
(ER+)
subtype
(including
those
that
are
HER2
amplified)
most
sensitive
growth
inhibition
by
while
nonluminal/basal
subtypes
resistant.
Analysis
variance
identified
450
differentially
expressed
between
resistant
cells.
pRb
D1
elevated
CDKN2A
(p16)
was
decreased
lines.
Cell
analysis
showed
G0/G1
arrest
Western
blot
demonstrated
Rb
blocked
but
not
synergistic
tamoxifen
trastuzumab
ER+
HER2-amplified
lines,
respectively.
enhanced
conditioned
resistance
ER
blockade.These
studies
suggest
role
for
CDK4/6
some
cancers
criteria
patient
selection
clinical